Fig. 3
From: Beneficial reward-to-risk action of glucosamine during pathogenesis of osteoarthritis
Effect of glucosamine on VLCFA. a Normal human chondrocytes were left untreated or were treated with 10 and 50 mM glucosamine for 24 h. Total lipid was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and divided into LLCFA, LCFA, MCFA, and SCFA. b Normal human chondrocytes were left untreated or were treated with lignoceric acid (VLCFA) for 24 h and cell morphologies were assessed by phase-contrast microscopy (upper panel). RNA levels of MMP-13 were analyzed by qRT-PCR (lower panel). c RNA levels of pro-apoptotic genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR and presented as heat-map. Red color represented as significant increase in expression levels. Apoptotic cell populations were analyzed by FACS. Bars show the mean ± SD of three individual experiments. *P < 0.05 versus control (untreated)