Table 1 Characterization of studied groups
Characteristics | DD | Control | p-value* | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-valueα |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Male | 57 (48%) | 23 (21%) | < 0.001 | Ref.a | Ref. |
Female | 62 (52%) | 89 (79%) | 0.22 (0.11–0.44) | < 0.001 | |
Educational level | |||||
Elementary school | 32 (35.2%) | 15 (15.6%) | 0.002 | Ref. | Ref. |
High school | 54 (59.3%) | 55 (57.3%) | 0.776 | 1.12 (0.47–2.71) | 0.789 |
College | 5 (5.5%) | 26 (27.1%) | < 0.001 | 0.22 (0.06–0.83) | 0.025 |
Pain localization | |||||
Low back | 86 (93.5%) | – | – | – | – |
Low back + cervical | 6 (6.5%) | ||||
Smoker | |||||
No | 70 (74%) | 87 (91%) | 0.003 | Ref. | |
Yes | 24 (26%) | 9 (9%) | 2.84 (1.13–7.68) | 0.027 | |
Physical activity | |||||
No | 92 (77%) | 60 (62%) | 0.018 | Ref. | |
Yes | 27 (23%) | 36 (38%) | 0.64 (0.32–1.27) | 0.204 | |
Posture at work | |||||
Seated | 29 (33%) | 22 (26%) | 0.285 | Ref | |
Standing | 58 (67%) | 63 (74%) | 0.38 (0.17–0.84) | 0.170 | |
Load weight at work | |||||
No | 37 (42%) | 73 (76%) | < 0.001 | Ref. | |
Yes | 51 (58%) | 23 (24%) | 2.00 (0.95–4.20) | 0.066 | |
Characteristics | DD | Control | p-value* | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-valueα |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (95% CI) | |||||
Age (years old) | 40.0 (38.0;42.0) | 32.0 (31.0;35.0) | < 0.001** | 1.12 (1.07–1.18) | < 0.001 |
BMI | 25.9 (25.2; 27.0) | 25.4 (24.5; 26.6) | 0.643** | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.837 |