Table 1 Most relevant PIMs in orthogeriatric setting

NSAID

(Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Aspirin)

Increased risk for: gastrointestinal ulcer, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, hypertensive crisis, impaired renal function

Benzodiazepines

Increased risk for sedation, delirium, falls

Tricyclic antidepressants at preexisting dementia

Increased risk for delirium, falls, urinary retention, cardiac arrythmia

Opiates (long acting) at preexisting dementia

Cognitive worsening

Antimuscarinic drugs at preexisting dementia

Cognitive worsening

Neuroleptics (long acting) at preexisting Parkinson´s disease

Cognitive worsening

SSRI-type antidepressants at hyponatremia

Cognitive worsening, increased risk of falls, negative effect on bone metabolism

Antibiotics

 Gyrase inhibitors

 Gentamicin

Increased risk for:

 QT extension, seizure, dizziness, confusion, tendon rupture

 Renal failure, ototoxicity

Antihistamines (especially H1)

Increased risk for: constipation, dizziness, cognitive impairment

Statins (except at preexisting MI, coronary heart disease, stroke)

Muscle weakness, increased risk for rhabdomyolysis

Urologicals/incontinence medication (except indispensable)

Increased risk for: cognitive worsening, falls

Glucocorticoids (except indispensable)

Confusion, negative effect on bone metabolism

Digitalis (except indispensable)

Cardiac arrythmia

Diuretics (except indispensable, e.g., at renal insufficiency)

Increased risk for: dizziness, dehydration, confusion, electrolyte imbalance

Specific antihypertensive drugs (clonidine, reserpine, propranolol, hydralazine)

Increased risk for: cognitive impairment, depression, orthostatic hypotension, sedation