Table 5 ECMO use and outcomes
Variable | ECMO group (n = 92) |
|---|---|
Duration of ECMO use, days | 15.4 ± 10.1 (1–52) |
Indication for ECMO insertion | |
 COVID-19-related ARDS | 88 (95.6%) |
 Other | 4 (4.3%) |
Cannulation procedure | |
 Percutaneous | 85 (92.4%) |
 Cutdown | 2 (2.2%) |
ECMO insertion location | |
 Same center the patient is in now | 45 (48.9%) |
 Another hospital then transported to this center | 45 (48.9%) |
Type of transportation | |
 Ground transport | 38 (41.3%) |
 Air medical transport | 7 (7.6%) |
 Distance from the referring facility to the receiving hospital, kilometers | 155.9 ± 279.2 (2–1,045) |
 Duration of transportation, minutes | 4.7 ± 6.5 (0.6–34.8) |
Initial ECMO mode | |
 VV ECMO | 86 (93.5%) |
 VA ECMO | 3 (3.3%) |
 VAV ECMO | 1 (1.1%) |
 Prone positioning within 24 h of ECMO initiation | 39 (42.4%) |
Mode of ventilation 2Â h pre-ECMO | |
 PC | 14 (0.9%) |
 VC | 23 (1.5%) |
 PRVC | 17 (1.1%) |
 SIMV | 1 (0.1%) |
 HFOV | 1 (0.1%) |
 Other | 3 (0.2%) |
Mode of ventilation 72Â h post-ECMO | |
 PC | 51 (55.4%) |
 VC | 25 (27.2%) |
 PRVC | 8 (8.7%) |
 HFOV | 1 (1.1%) |
 CMV | 1 (1.1%) |
 Prone positioning after 72 h of ECMO initiation | 5 (5.4%) |
 ECMO maximum (highest) blood flow, L/minute | 4.5 ± 0.8 (2–8) |
 ECMO maximum (highest) sweep gas flow, L/minute | 6 ± 1.8 (3–10) |
Blood transfusion products used while patient was on ECMO | |
 Packed red blood cells | 75 (81.5%) |
 Fresh frozen plasma | 40 (43.5%) |
 Platelets | 33 (35.8%) |
 Cryoprecipitate | 14 (15.2%) |
 Factor VII | 2 (2.2%) |
 Tranexamic acid | 4 (4.3%) |
ECMO mode conversion data | |
 Patient underwent conversion (change) of ECMO mode | 4 (4.3%) |
 Mode of ECMO was changed (from-to) |  |
 VV to VAV | 1 (1.1) |
 VV to VA | 2 (2.2%) |
 VAV to VV | 1 (1.1%) |
Complications during ECMO | |
 Bleeding from cannulation site | 30 (32.6%) |
 Oxygenator failure requiring circuit change | 8 (8.7%) |
 ECMO circuit clotting | 7 (7.6%) |
ECMO outcome | |
 Successful decannulation | 42 (45.6%) |
 Withdrawal of ECMO support | 5 (5.4%) |
 Death | 45 (48.9%) |
 Cause of death |  |
 Septic shock | 18 (19.6%) |
 Multiple organ failure | 10 (10.9%) |
 Cardiac arrest | 4 (4.3%) |
 Do-not-resuscitate order | 4 (4.3%) |
 Tension pneumothorax | 1 (1.1%) |
 Severe lung fibrosis | 1 (1.1%) |
 Intra-abdominal abscess | 1 (1.1%) |
 Intracerebral hemorrhage | 2 (2.2%) |
 Severe hypotension | 2 (2.2%) |
 Cardiogenic shock | 1 (1.1%) |
 Mixed shock | 1 (1.1%) |