From: Potential therapeutic options for COVID-19: an update on current evidence
Drugs | Drug target | Related disease | Results of studies | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antivirals | ||||
 Favipiravir | RdRp inhibitor | Influenza | Clinical improvement and viral clearance within 7 or 14 days, lower needing to supplemental oxygen therapy | |
 Sofosbuvir/daclatasvir | Nucleoside analog/NS5A inhibitor | HCV | Improving clinical outcomes, reduce mortality rate and need for ICU/IMV | |
 Molnupiravir | RNA mutagenesis | Influenza | Highly effective at reducing nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 infectious virus and viral RNA, has a favorable safety and tolerability profile | [39] |
 Danoprevir | NS3/4A protease inhibitor | HCV | Significantly shorter mean time to achieve both negative nucleic acid testing and hospital stays | [40] |
Anti-inflammatory drugs | ||||
 Ruxolitinib | JAK inhibition | Rheumatoid arthritis | Faster clinical improvement, significant chest CT improvement | |
 Tofacitinib | JAK inhibition | Rheumatoid arthritis | Lower risk of death or respiratory failure through day 28 | [43] |
 Imatinib | JAK inhibition | Cancer | Beneficial effects on survival and duration of mechanical ventilation | [44] |
 Fluvoxamine | Agonist for the sigma-1 receptor | Anti-depressant | Lower likelihood of clinical deterioration over 15 days | [45] |
 Methylprednisolone | Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production | Inflammation, immune system disorders | Decreased the recovery time, the need for transfer to intensive care and the severity markers C-reactive protein, D-dimer and LDH, lower need for a ventilator | |
 Budesonide | Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production | Asthma | Reduced the likelihood of needing urgent medical care and reduced time to recovery, reduced hospital admissions or deaths | |
 Artesunate | NF-κB-coronavirus effect and chloroquine-like endocytosis inhibition | Malaria | Lower treatment time, improve prognosis and eliminate pathogens, with fewer adverse reactions | [51] |
 Type I interferons | Balances the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents | Multiple sclerosis | Decreased mortality rate and time of hospitalization | |
Other most common drugs | ||||
 Telmisartan | Angiotensin receptor blocker | Hypertension | Safe and reduced morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, anti-inflammatory effects | |
 Nitazoxanide | Inhibition of the pyruvate: ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase cycle | Anti-parasitic | Improvement in clinical, virologic and inflammatory outcomes in moderate COVID-19, safe and significantly reduced viral load in early use | |
 Niclosamide | Prevention of viral entry by altering endosomal pH, Prevention of viral replication by inhibition of autophagy | Anti-parasitic | Accelerated time to recovery about 3 to 5 days in moderate to severe COVID-19 patients especially those with co-morbidities | [58] |
 Bromhexine | TMPRSS2 protease blocker | Mucolytic | The early administration reduced the ICU transfer, intubation, and the mortality rate | |
 Dornase alfa | Recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I | Cystic fibrosis | Improvement in oxygenation, reduction in ventilatory support | |
 Dexmedetomidine | Selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist | Sedation | Effective sedative and may improve oxygenation, significantly reduced the intubation rate and ICU length of stay by 2.9 days, did not change the mortality rate decline in heart rate and high incidence of bradycardia and hypotension | |
 Fluoxetine | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | Antidepressant | Lower risk of death or intubation in hospitalized patients | [65] |