Table 2 The main biomolecules and signaling pathways involved in the roles of different exosomes in the treatment of tendon injuries

ASC-Exos

(1) HIF-α↑

(2) VEGF↑

(3) miRNA-125a↑

(4) MMP-2↑

(1) AMPK↑

(2) Wnt/β↓

(3) IL-1β↓

(4) IL-6↑

(1) MEK/ERK1/2↑

(2) PI3K/Akt↑

(3) The SMAD2/3 and SMAD1/5/9 signaling pathway↑

(1) M2↑

(2) Wnt/β-catenin↑

(3) notch signaling pathway↑

(4) miR-21↑

(1) MMP-9↓

(2) MMP-13↓

BMSC-Exos

(1) VEGF↑

(2) Hippo↑

(01) Anti-inflammatory factors↑

(2) Pro-inflammatory factors↓

(3) Macrophages polarization↑

(1) MEK/ERK1/2↑

(2) PI3K/Akt↑

(1) Pro-inflammatory factors↓

(2) Treg differentiation

(3) M2 polarization

TGF-β↓

TSC-Exos

BMP12↑

/

(1) MEK/ERK1/2↑

(2) PI3K/Akt↑

(3) BMP/Smad?

/

the MIR-15b-5p/FGF-1/7/9 pathway↑

UC-MSC-Exos

HIF-1α/VEGF↑

/

(1) PTEN/

mTOR/TGF-β1↑

(2) miR-29a-3p↑

/

(1) miR-21a-3p↓

(2) p-p65,COX2↓

Exosomes from macrophages

Macrophage-derived exosomes act on tendon injury mainly by promoting macrophage polarization, followed by the production of different cytokines by M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively, thus promoting tendon repair