From: A “cell-free treatment” for tendon injuries: adipose stem cell-derived exosomes
Exosomes | Angiogenesis | Reduce inflammatory response | Changes in tendon cells | Regulation of immune response | Fibrosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASC-Exos | (1) HIF-α↑ (2) VEGF↑ (3) miRNA-125a↑ (4) MMP-2↑ | (1) AMPK↑ (2) Wnt/β↓ (3) IL-1β↓ (4) IL-6↑ | (1) MEK/ERK1/2↑ (2) PI3K/Akt↑ (3) The SMAD2/3 and SMAD1/5/9 signaling pathway↑ | (1) M2↑ (2) Wnt/β-catenin↑ (3) notch signaling pathway↑ (4) miR-21↑ | (1) MMP-9↓ (2) MMP-13↓ |
BMSC-Exos | (1) VEGF↑ (2) Hippo↑ | (01) Anti-inflammatory factors↑ (2) Pro-inflammatory factors↓ (3) Macrophages polarization↑ | (1) MEK/ERK1/2↑ (2) PI3K/Akt↑ | (1) Pro-inflammatory factors↓ (2) Treg differentiation (3) M2 polarization | TGF-β↓ |
TSC-Exos | BMP12↑ | / | (1) MEK/ERK1/2↑ (2) PI3K/Akt↑ (3) BMP/Smad? | / | the MIR-15b-5p/FGF-1/7/9 pathway↑ |
UC-MSC-Exos | HIF-1α/VEGF↑ | / | (1) PTEN/ mTOR/TGF-β1↑ (2) miR-29a-3p↑ | / | (1) miR-21a-3p↓ (2) p-p65,COX2↓ |
Exosomes from macrophages | Macrophage-derived exosomes act on tendon injury mainly by promoting macrophage polarization, followed by the production of different cytokines by M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively, thus promoting tendon repair |