Table 1 General characteristics of the study population

Demographics

 Age (years)

69.5 ± 9.6

70.9 ± 9.8

 Female

315(58.9)

343(61.9)

 Height (cm)

158.3 ± 8.6

155.8 ± 9.1

 Body weight (kg)

62.2 ± 10.4

56.7 ± 11.9

 BMI (kg/cm2)

24.8 ± 0.4

23.4 ± 0.5

 Smoking history

137(25.6)

115(20.7)

 Drinking history

114(21.3)

100(18.1)

Laboratory data

 HbA1c (%)

8.6 ± 2.3

5.6 ± 0.9

 T-chol (mmol/L)

4.75 ± 2.5

4.47 ± 1.1

 Triglyceride (mmol/L)

2.2 ± 1.8

1.6 ± 2.5

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.3 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.4

 LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.6 ± 0.9

2.5 ± 1.1

 ALT (U/l)

27 ± 26

23 ± 14

 AST (U/l)

25 ± 19

27 ± 13

 Creatinine (umol/L)

73 ± 56

64 ± 23

 Uric acid (umol/L)

292 ± 142

315 ± 108

 Calcium (mmol/L)

2.3 ± 0.1

2.2 ± 0.1

 BMD

0.91 ± 0.2

0.85 ± 0.2

 T-Score

 − 1.1 ± 1.6

 − 1.5 ± 1.76

 Z-Score

0.32 ± 1.3

0.25 ± 1.4