Table 1 HaNDL syndrome cases with either positive infectivologic screening or MRI abnormalities
Patient (age, sex) | CSF (WBC–protein) | Blood serology | CSF serology/PCR | MRI | TCD–MCA-MFVa | Therapy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emond et al. 2009 [6] | 18 y F | 350/μl–200 mg/dl | IgM HHV-6, slight increase CMV IgM | Negative | LE | – | Acyclovir 10 mg/kg/bid/14 days + ceftriaxone 2 g/bid/3 days |
Yilmaz et al. 2010 [28] | 27 y F | 60/μl–150 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | Focal LE | – | Verapamil 240 mg/day, prednisolone 50 mg/day, valproic acid 1000 mg/day |
Raets 2012 [15] | 32 y M | 123/μl–80 mg/dl | – | Negative | CLOCC | – | Paracetamol |
Goncalves et al. 2013 [29] | 14 y F | 250/μl–normal | Negative | Negative | Focal LE | – | Acyclovir |
Apetse et al. 2013 [9] | 19 y M | 250/μl–54 mg/dl | IgM VCA EBV, no 1-month seroconversion | Negative | Normal | – | Acyclovir 10 mg/kg/8 h |
Filina et al. 2013 [30] | 16 y M | 110/μl–83 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | LE | – | Acyclovir, ceftriaxone, vancomycin |
Stelten et al. 2016 [7] | 23 y F | 220/μl–143 mg/dl | IgG HHV-6–7 | HHV-7 | Normal | – | Acyclovir 10 mg/kg/8 h, methylprednisolone 1 g/5 days |
Babi et al. 2017 [31] | 31 y M | 625/μl–325 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | LE | – | Acyclovir, vancomycin, ceftriaxone, and ampicillin, acetazolamide 1000 mg/day |
Verentiotzi et al. 2017 [10] | 28 y M | 316 μl–174 mg/dl | IgM IgG CMV | Negative | Normal | – | – |
Patel et al. 2017 [20] | 25 y M | 162/μl–245 mg/dl | – | Negative | LE | – | – |
García-Esperón et al. 2017 [32] | 30 y M | 92/μl–145 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | Focal LE | Normal | – |
Armstrong-Javors et al. 2019 [3] | 16 y M | 303/μl–131 mg/dl | negative | Negative | LE | – | Sumatriptan, metoclopramide, ketorolac, acetazolamide |
Vieira et al. 2019 [11] | 15 y M | 194/μl–53 mg/dl | Negative | Borrelia lusitaniae | normal | – | (Acyclovir + ceftriaxone)/21 days |
Rodríguez-López et al. 2019 [33] | 41 y M | 40/μl–186 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | LE | – | NSAID, Corticosteroids |
Smail et al. 2020 [14] | 47 y M | 89/μl–87 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | CLOCC | – | – |
Sisman et al. 2020 [16] | 33 y M | 13/μl–146 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | CLOCC | – | – |
Sànchez-Miranda Romàn et al. 2021 [8] | 31 y M | 150/μl–131 mg/dl | Negative | HHV-7 | LE | – | Acyclovir, corticosteroids |
Our patient | 29 y M | 200/μl–281 mg/dl | EBV-DNA, EBV VCA IgG, 1-month EBNA-IgG seroconversion | EBV-DNA | CLOCC and LE | L 86 cm/s R 91 cm/s | Oral nimodipine 60 statim, 30 mg/6 h/3 months |
Kappler et al. 1997 [23] | 32 y M | 109/μl–130 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | Normal | L 114 cm/s R 56 cm/s | Dexamethasone 48 mg/bid/5 days |
Kappler et al. 1997 [23] | 29 y M | 107/μl–71 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | Normal | L 38 cm/s R 80 cm/s | Dexamethasone 48 mg/bid/5 days |
Serrano-Castro et al. 2000 [24] | 27 y M | 210/ul–74 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | Normal | L 46 cm/s R 59 cm/s (+ instability?) | Ceftriaxone iv/10 days |
de la Cruz et al. 2019 [25] | 42 y M | 40/μl–100 mg/dl | Negative | Negative | Normal | 142 cm/s bilaterally | Aciclovir 10 mg/kg/8 h/5 days, iv nimodipine |