Fig. 4

Summary of the mechanics of bile pigments in emergency and critical care medicine. The studies mentioned in this review demonstrate that the cytoprotective effects of bile pigments are achieved through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive properties, which are exhibited in multiple diseases of different etiologies. They are also known to inhibit fibrosis in chronic disease models and take part in miRNA expression and maintain cell integrity. Although many of these mechanisms are not clearly determined, cumulative and multifunctional therapeutic effects of bile pigments shed light on their utilization in the field of emergency and critical care medicine