Fig. 1

Programmed necrosis by virus infection (1) (1) The human immune system is activated in response to viral infections; (2) immune cells release cytokines, including TNF-α; (3) TNF-α complementary receptor, leading to formation of short-lived membrane signaling complex (known as complex I) and complex . Eventually, leads to DAMP release from cell; (4) As a result, the “cytokine storm” pathology is exacerbated. (2) TNF-α can stimulate together with IFN-γ on the STAT1 and IRF1 pathways to enhance the necroptosis