Table 4 Results of outcome measures for intervention and control group at pre- and post-measurement
Outcome measures | Intervention group (IG) | Control group (CG) | Q-value (df), P-value, Effect size (η2) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre-Post | IG-CG | Interaction | |
Normal walking speed (m/s) | 0.91 (0.29) | 1.09 (0.30) | 1.02 (0.29) | 1.13 (0.33) | Q(1,22.92) = 20.47 p < .001***, η2 = 0.47 | Q(1,23.74) = 1.36 p = .257, η2 = 0.05 | Q(1,22.92) = 3.63 p = .069, η2 = 0.14 |
Maximal walking speed (m/s) | 1.35 (0.66) | 1.52 (0.65) | 1.58 (0.65) | 1.67 (0.44) | Q(1,23.76) = 6.70 p = .016*, η2 = 0.22 | Q(1,22.47) = 0.75 p = .397, η2 = 0.03 | Q(1,23.76) = 1.84 p = .187, η2 = 0.07 |
Dual-task walking speed (m/s) | 0.73 (0.39) | 0.87 (0.43) | 0.87 (0.23) | 0.86 (0.33) | Q(1,24.00) = 9.48 p = .005**, η2 = 0.28 | Q(1,22.06) = 1.97 p = .174, η2 = 0.08 | Q(1,24.00) = 4.13 p = .053, η2 = 0.15 |
5xStS (s) | 15.45 (5.73) | 11.42 (5.73) | 13.03 (4.01) | 12.45 (4.88) | Q(1,23.94) = 10.44 p = .004**, η2 = 0.30 | Q(1,21.31) = 0.35 p = .563, η2 = 0.02 | Q(1,23.94) = 7.79 p = .016*, η2 = 0.25 |
SPPB total score | 8.00 (3.00) | 11.00 (2.00) | 10.00 (3.00) | 10.00 (2.00) | Q(1,20.78) = 14.96 p < .001***, η2 = 0.42 | Q(1,24.00) = 0.21 p = .650, η2 = 0.00 | Q(1,20.78) = 11.80 p = .003**, η2 = 0.36 |
TUG (s) | 15.34 (9.29) | 12.85 (5.54) | 13.46 (4.95) | 13.45 (6.13) | Q(1,20.95) = 8.48 p = .008**, η2 = 0.29 | Q(1,21.26) = 0.98 p = .334, η2 = 0.04 | Q(1,20.95) = 4.11 p = .056, η2 = 0.16 |
Go/No-Go average reaction time (ms) | 1188.79(242.90) | 1051.10 (139.43) | 1022.83 (294.54) | 1058.07 (290.20) | Q(1,20.36) = 6.39 p = .020*, η2 = 0.24 | Q(1,20.94) = 1.59 p = .222, η2 = 0.07 | Q(1,20.36) = 7.58 p = .012*, η2 = 0.27 |
RTT average reaction time (ms) | 1587.86 (578.27) | 1284.90 (268.76) | 1253.46 (271.39) | 1339.25 (266.38) | Q(1,19.71) = 9.63 p = .006**, η2 = 0.33 | Q(1,23.73) = 1.41 p = .244, η2 = 0.06 | Q(1,19.71) = 17.98 p < .001***, η2 = 0.48 |
TMT a (s) | 60.37 (41.92) | 51.75 (21.44) | 50.27 (21.11) | 49.94 (39.99) | Q(1,22.98) = 2.40 p = .135, η2 = 0.09 | Q(1,23.00) = 1.03 p = .321, η2 = 0.04 | Q(1,22.98) = 2.40 p = .135, η2 = 0.09 |
TMT b (s) | 189.91 (165.04) | 167.54 (140.31) | 147.87 (113.94) | 132.22 (118.47) | Q(1,23.95) = 5.84 p = .024*, η2 = 0.20 | Q(1,21.87) = 1.93 p = .178, η2 = 0.08 | Q(1,23.95) = 0.03 p = .876, η2 = 0.00 |
D-KEFS 1 time (s) | 45.90 (13.84) | 38.81 (12.78) | 39.16 (12.88) | 36.25 (8.72) | Q(1,17.10) = 25.60 p < .001***, η2 = 0.60 | Q(1,23.26) = 2.06 p = .165, η2 = 0.08 | Q(1,17.10) = 2.15 p = .161, η2 = 0.11 |
D-KEFS 2 time (s) | 30.94 (10.67) | 29.18 (11.43) | 24.66 (8.27) | 25.25 (7.51) | Q(1,19.41) = 0.12 p = .730, η2 = 0.00 | Q(1,20.62) = 3.44 p = .078, η2 = 0.14 | Q(1,19.41) = 6.06 p = .023*, η2 = 0.24 |
D-KEFS 3 time (s) | 94.37 (44.60) | 81.23 (41.33) | 86.16 (28.50) | 78.21 (36.16) | Q(1,17.29) = 6.40 p = .021*, η2 = 0.27 | Q(1,22.32) = 1.10 p = .305, η2 = 0.05 | Q(1,117.29) = 1.22 p = .2848, η2 = 0.07 |
D-KEFS 4 time (s) | 127.33 (68.04) | 100.68 (73.13) | 99.85 (100.63) | 116.13 (94.06) | Q(1,23.98) = 0.40 p = .534, η2 = 0.02 | Q(1,23.58) = 0.00 p = .982, η2 = 0.00 | Q(1,23.98) = 1.07 p = .311, η2 = 0.04 |