Table 1 Characteristics of non-frail and frail participants with diabetes
Variable | Non-frail (n = 340) | Frail (n = 82) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 67.84 ± 9.60 | 80.76 ± 8.65 |  < 0.001 |
Female (n, %) | 124 (36.5) | 28 (34.1) | 0.694 |
Smoking (n, %) | 158 (46.5) | 36 (43.9) | 0.675 |
Drinking (n, %) | 130 (38.3) | 23 (28.4) | 0.094 |
WHR | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 1.08 ± 1.03 | 0.884 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.85 ± 3.19 | 25.25 ± 4.10 | 0.226 |
Duration (years) | 11.18 ± 8.62 | 12.43 ± 8.67 | 0.265 |
Antidiabetic treatments | |||
 Lifestyle management (n, %) | 42 (12.4) | 14 (17.1) | 0.258 |
 Metformin (n, %) | 213 (62.6) | 32 (39.0) |  < 0.001 |
 Sulfonylureas (n, %) | 60 (17.6) | 14 (17.1) | 0.902 |
 Glinide (n, %) | 17 (5.0) | 6 (7.3) | 0.576 |
 Glucosidase inhibitor (n, %) | 140 (41.2) | 40 (48.8) | 0.211 |
 Thiazolidinedione (n, %) | 21 (6.2) | 8 (5.6) | 0.250 |
 DPP-4 inhibitors (n, %) | 27 (7.9) | 3 (3.7) | 0.176 |
 SGLT2 inhibitors (n, %) | 19 (5.6) | 4 (4.9) | 0.799 |
 GLP-1 agonist (n, %) | 7 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.407 |
 Insulin (n, %) | 100 (29.4) | 21 (25.6) | 0.494 |
 Other medicines (n, %) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (1.2) | 0.580 |
Comorbidity | |||
 Hypertension (n, %) | 256 (75.3) | 74 (90.2) | 0.003 |
 CAD (n, %) | 111 (32.6) | 50 (61.0) |  < 0.001 |
 COPD (n, %) | 13 (3.8) | 5 (6.1) | 0.542 |
 CKD (n, %) | 34 (10.0) | 22 (26.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Stoke (n, %) | 58 (17.1) | 30 (36.6) |  < 0.001 |
 Osteoarthritis (n, %) | 52 (15.3) | 29 (35.4) |  < 0.001 |
 Cancer (n, %) | 32 (9.4) | 23 (28.0) |  < 0.001 |
Target organ damage | |||
 PVD (n, %) | 43 (12.6) | 23 (28.0) | 0.001 |
 DR (n, %) | 45 (13.2) | 7 (8.5) | 0.245 |
 DPN (n, %) | 44 (12.9) | 19 (23.2) | 0.020 |
 Polypharmacy (n, %) | 203 (59.7) | 68 (82.9) |  < 0.001 |
 Grip strength (kg) | 30.44 ± 9.52 | 18.24 ± 7.07 |  < 0.001 |
 Walking speed (m/s) | 1.01 ± 0.26 | 0.59 ± 0.22 |  < 0.001 |
 SF-36 score | 100.65 ± 11.36 | 115.49 ± 8.53 |  < 0.001 |