Table 3 Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes in animal models of bone-associated musculoskeletal diseases
Diseases | Cell source | Administration route | Model | Main results (Ref) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bone fracture | UC | Near the fracture | Mice | Stimulation of the bone fracture healing by the transmission of miR-126 released from hypoxic MSCs-derived exosomes [23] |
Bone fracture | BM | Into the fracture | C57BL/6 mice | Acceleration of fracture healing [222] |
Osteoporosis | BM | – | In vitro (hFOB 1.19 cells) | Stimulating the osteoblast proliferation by activating the MAPK pathway [22] |
ONFH | BM | – | Rabbit | Induction of the proliferation of osteoblasts by miR-122-5p-enriched BM-MSC-derived exosomes [189] |
Radiation-induced bone loss | BM | Intravenous | SD rat | Alleviation of the radiation-induced bone loss [223] |
Osteoporosis | iPSCs | Intra-articular | SD rat | Promotion of the bone regeneration by triggering angiogenesis and osteogenesis [181] |
ONFH | iPSCs | Intravenous | SD rat | Amelioration of the glucocorticoid-induced ONFH by miR-135b-enriched exosomes [224] |
Osteoporosis | AT | Intra-articular | SD rat | Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome induction in osteoclasts and thereby attenuation of the bone loss [171] |
Osteoporosis | BM | Intravenous | SD rat | Improving the new bone formation [225] |
Bone fracture | BM | Into the fracture | C57BL/6 mice | Up-regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in fracture mice as well as osteoblasts [226] |
Bone fracture | BM | Near the fracture | SD rat | Inducing the osteogenesis and bone fracture healing by regulation of the Smad5 [227] |
ONFH | BM | Intravenous | SD rat | Promoting angiogenesis by hypoxic MSCs-derived exosomes [228] |
Osteoporosis | BM | – | In vitro (hFOB 1.19 cells) | Amelioration of the osteoporosis by induction of the osteoblast proliferation and abrogating cell apoptosis [21] |
ONFH | UC | Intravenous | SD rat | Promoting the osteogenesis by the activating miR-365a-5p/Hippo signaling axis [229] |
Bone fracture | BM | Near the fracture | C57BL/6Â J mice | Induction of the fracture healing by miR-25-enriched BM-MSC-exosomes [230] |
Osteoporosis | AT | – | SD rat | Eliciting the anti-inflammation effect on osteoclasts by miR-146a-enriched AT-MSCs-derived exosomes [172] |