Table 1 Demographic characteristics and clinical data of the patients with severe sepsis

Age, years, median (IQR)

77.00 (65.00–83.00)

77.00 (68.50–82.50)

76.00 (64.50–83.00)

Sex, male, n (%)

45 (60%)

11 (65%)

34 (59%)

Height, cm, mean (SD)

160.05 (7.78)

160.53 (8.63)

159.91 (7.59)

Weight, kg, mean (SD)

58.03 (12.26)

61.18 (14.70)

57.10 (11.42)

Body mass index, mean (SD)

22.65 (4.56)

23.84 (6.01)

22.30 (4.04)

Septic shock treated using vasoactive agents, n (%)

44 (59%)

14 (82%)

30 (52%)

Glasgow coma scale, median (IQR)

8.00 (6.00–15.00)

6.00 (3.00–10.00)

9.00 (7.00–15.00)

Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score II, mean (SD)

18.89 (6.67)

25.76 (6.09)

16.88 (5.39)

Mean arterial pressure, mmHg, median (IQR)

87.00 (78.00–94.50)

87.00 (77.75–97.75)

87.25 (77.75–94.50)

Systolic arterial pressure, mmHg, mean (SD)

114.63 (19.54)

116.41 (18.82)

114.10 (19.87)

Diastolic arterial pressure, mmHg, median (IQR)

59.00 (53.00–70.00)

62.00 (51.00–70.50)

58.00 (53.75–70.00)

White blood cells, 1000/µL, mean (SD)

13.54 (8.65)

15.41 (9.00)

12.99 (8.55)

Hemoglobin, g/dL, mean (SD)

11.16 (2.64)

10.37 (2.55)

11.39 (2.64)

Creatinine, mg/dL, median (IQR)

1.67 (1.02–2.49)

2.41 (1.81–3.64)

1.44 (0.96–2.11)

Arterial lactate, mg/dL (n = 73)^a, median (IQR)

19.40 (13.60–30.50)

34.20 (17.50–77.65)

18.25 (13.38–24.78)

Vascular endothelial growth factor, pg/mL (n = 69)^a, median (IQR)

122.17 (47.89–284.02)

99.65 (37.34–317.84)

141.86 (51.55–283.38)

Albumin, g/dL(n = 66)^a, mean (SD)

2.87 (0.69)

2.95 (0.69)

2.85 (0.70)

Partial pressure of oxygen, mmHg, median (IQR)

104.50 (82.70–141.20)

98.70 (83.30–139.25)

106.10 (82.53–146.23)

Arterial oxygen saturation, percent, median (IQR)

98.00 (96.80–99.30)

97.90 (96.00–98.85)

98.25 (97.25–99.40)

Intake and Output, mL/day^b

 Day 1 (n = 68)^a, median (IQR)

201.00 (− 298.75–1190.25)

1142.00 (147.25–1729.00)

155.00 (− 384.25–834.50)

 Day 2 (n = 73)^a, median (IQR)

531.00 (− 132.00–1476.00)

1872.00 (135.00–2398.50)

461.00 (− 187.50–1080.00)

 Day 3 (n = 62)^a, mean (SD)

209.27 (1116.02)

397.45 (1475.58)

168.69 (1036.61)

 Total average, mean (SD)

522.55 (972.22)

1235.06 (1303.14)

313.17 (744.75)

Urine output, mL/day^b

 Day 1 (n = 68)^a, median (IQR)

600.00 (192.50–1187.50)

70.00 (0.00–237.50)

880.00 (400.00–1312.50)

 Day 2 (n = 73)^a, median (IQR)

880.00 (460.00–1565.00)

120.00 (0.00–317.50)

1150.00 (800.00–1760.00)

 Day 3 (n = 62)^a, median (IQR)

1150.00 (690.00–1900.00)

50.00 (0.00–320.00)

1330.00 (940.00–1950.00)

 Total average, median (IQR)

943.00 (547.00–1433.00)

100.00 (1.50–306.00)

1105.00 (854.25–1585.75)

Administered intravascular fluid, mL/day^b

 Day 1 (n = 68)^a, median (IQR)

973.00 (570.00–1620.25)

1726.50 (919.75–2441.50)

922.50 (526.00–1417.50)

 Day 2 (n = 73)^a, median (IQR)

1440.00 (902.00–2017.00)

2074.00 (1412.50–3575.00)

1350.00 (784.50–1907.00)

 Day 3 (n = 62)^a, median (IQR)

960.00 (480.00–1624.25)

1693.00 (624.00–2166.00)

940.00 (450.00–1420.00)

 Total average, median (IQR)

1105.00 (767.00–1862.00)

1926.00 (1348.50–3092.00)

1069.00 (722.00–1486.75)

Diagnosis

 Pulmonary infection, n (%)

49 (65%)

14 (82%)

35 (60%)

 Urinary tract infection, n (%)

35 (47%)

8 (47%)

27 (47%)

 Hepatic or biliary tract infection, n (%)

8 (11%)

0 (0%)

8 (14%)

 Spontaneous bacteria peritonitis, n (%)

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

1 (2%)

 Pelvic infection, n (%)

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

1 (2%)

 Cellulitis, n (%)

4 (5%)

1 (6%)

3 (5%)

 Other, n (%)

3 (4%)

0 (0%)

3 (5%)

ICU survivor, n (%)

59 (79%)

8 (47%)

51 (88%)

ICU length of stay, days, median (IQR)

7.00 (4.00–11.00)

9.00 (4.00–14.50)

6.00 (4.75–10.25)