Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in the exploratory population and validation population with or without sarcopenia

Men

 N

254

44

257

31

 Age (years)

61.4 ± 8.1

67.4 ± 10.2

61.6 ± 8.1

70.4 ± 10.2

 Duration of diabetes (years)

10.2(5.3, 14.9)

10.0(5.6,18.2)

10.5(5.3,16.9)

11.2(5.3,19.8)

 BMI (kg/m²)

26.0 ± 2.9

23.3 ± 2.8

26.3 ± 3.6

23.0 ± 2.7

 Current smoking, n (%)

98(38.6%)

15(34.1%)

87(34%)

9(29%)

 Current drinking, n (%)

134(52.8%)

18(40.9%)

118(45.9%)

12(38.7%)

 Diabetic nephropathy, n (%)

98(38.6%)

17(14.8%)

95(37%)

17(54.8%)

 Diabetic peripheral vascular disease, n (%)

146(57.5%)

28(63.6%)

153(59.5%)

23(74.2%)

 Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, n (%)

108(42.5%)

25(56.8%)

109(42.4%)

19(61.3%)

 Hypertension, n (%)

164(64.6%)

27(61.4%)

152(59.1%)

18(58.1%)

 Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

34(13.4%)

4(9.1%)

41(16%)

10(32.3)

 Coronary heart disease, n (%)

50(19.7%)

10(22.7%)

39(15.2%)

8(25.8%)

 Treatment regimen

  Insulin, n (%)

104(40.9%)

15(34.1%)

122(47.5%)

14(45.2%)

  Oral hypoglycemic agents, n (%)

187(73.6%)

35(79.5%)

180(70%)

20(64.5%)

FPG (mmol/L)

8.5 ± 2.4

8.2 ± 2.7

8.4 ± 2.5

8.4 ± 2.6

HbA1c (%)

7.9 ± 1.7

8.2 ± 1.4

7.9 ± 1.6

8.9 ± 2

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.5(1.0,2.4)

1.1(0.7,1.7)

1.4(1.0,2.1)

1.0(0.8,1.5)

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.3 ± 1.0

4.3 ± 1.3

4.3 ± 1.1

4.2 ± 0.8

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.1 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.4

1.1 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.4

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.6 ± 0.8

2.5 ± 0.9

2.7 ± 0.9

2.6 ± 0.9

Total energy intake (kcal/kg/d)

29.4 ± 7.6

30.8 ± 8.6

29.9 ± 7.8

29.4 ± 9

Proportion of calories supplied by protein (%)

15.9 ± 3.2

14.8 ± 2.5

16.2 ± 4.5

15.1 ± 2.9

Proportion of calories supplied by carbohydrate (%)

53.5 ± 8.0

53.5 ± 6.8

53.9 ± 8.5

53.4 ± 6.4

Proportion of calories supplied by fat (%)

30.6 ± 7.3

31.8 ± 6.4

30.1 ± 7.6

31.6 ± 6.2

Body fat percentage (%)

26.6 ± 5.6

28.3 ± 7.9

26.5 ± 6.1

28.5 ± 7.5

ASMI (kg/m²)

8.0 ± 0.6

6.7 ± 0.5

8.1 ± 0.7

6.6 ± 0.6

Grip strength (kg)

33.7 ± 6.5

27 ± 3.7

34.2 ± 7.5

25.8 ± 5.1

Women

 N

247

11

271

10

 Age (years)

62.6 ± 7.9

65.7 ± 9.8

62.5 ± 7.4

68.1 ± 8.3

 Duration of diabetes (years)

10.3(5.4,15.4)

12.1(5.8,19.7)

10.3(5.2,15.6)

12.2(8.7,16.9)

 BMI (kg/m²)

25.8 ± 3.1

22.6 ± 4.2

26.3 ± 3.3

22.1 ± 2.0

 Current smoking, n (%)

8(3.2%)

1(9.1%)

8(3.0%)

0(0%)

 Current drinking, n (%)

19(7.7%)

0(0%)

16(5.9%)

1(10%)

 Diabetic nephropathy, n (%)

82(33.2%)

2(18.2%)

82(30.3%)

1(10.0%)

 Diabetic peripheral vascular disease, n (%)

127(51.4%)

6(54.5%)

144(53.1%)

3(30.0%)

 Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, n (%)

100(40.5%)

5(45.5%)

114(42.1%)

4(40.0%)

 Hypertension, n (%)

126(51%)

7(63.6%)

163(60.1%)

7(70.0%)

 Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

27(10.9%)

1(9.1%)

33(12.2%)

3(30.0%)

 Coronary heart disease, n (%)

46(18.6%)

3(27.3%)

40(14.8%)

2(20%)

 Treatment regimen

  Insulin, n (%)

94(38.1%)

3(27.3%)

105(38.7%)

2(20%)

  Oral hypoglycemic agents n (%)

192(77.7%)

7(63.6%)

206(76%)

9(90%)

FPG (mmol/L)

8.4 ± 2.7

9.1 ± 3.8

8.6 ± 2.8

7.1 ± 1.3

HbA1c (%)

8.1 ± 1.8

8.5 ± 1.8

8.3 ± 2

8.7 ± 1.2

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.6(1.0,2.4)

1.3(0.8,1.9)

1.5(1.1,2.1)

1.5(0.8,2.5)

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.8 ± 1.3

5.5 ± 1.6

4.7 ± 1.2

4.7 ± 0.8

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.2 ± 0.3

1.5 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.4

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.9 ± 1.0

3.1 ± 1.3

2.9 ± 0.9

2.8 ± 0.7

Total energy intake (kcal/kg/d)

29.6 ± 6.9

29.7 ± 5.5

30.0 ± 7.1

30.7 ± 7.9

Proportion of calories supplied by protein (%)

15.1 ± 3.6

14.0 ± 3.1

15.3 ± 4.5

16.0 ± 1.6

Proportion of calories supplied by carbohydrate (%)

54.4 ± 7.4

51.5 ± 9.5

53.7 ± 7.2

54.2 ± 7.8

Proportion of calories supplied by fat (%)

30.8 ± 6.1

34.1 ± 7.9

31.4 ± 6.5

29.9 ± 7

Body fat percentage (%)

34.7 ± 5.6

33.6 ± 10.1

36.1 ± 5.8

34.5 ± 5.3

ASMI (kg/m²)

6.7 ± 0.8

5.3 ± 0.3

6.7 ± 0.7

5.4 ± 0.2

Grip strength (kg)

26.2 ± 4.4

16.2 ± 2.9

25.8 ± 4.4

17.1 ± 2.8