Table 1 Characteristics of the participants
Characteristics | Group 1 | Group 2 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 3293 | 3294 | Â |
Age(years) | 43.49 ± 15.89 | 57.36 ± 16.04 |  < 0.001 |
Stratified by age (years), n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 < 40 | 1494 (45.37) | 553 (16.79) |  |
 40–59 | 1163 (35.32) | 1045 (31.72) |  |
 > 60 | 636 (19.31) | 1696 (51.49) |  |
Gender, n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Male | 1869 (56.76) | 1307 (39.68) |  |
 Female | 1424 (43.24) | 1987 (60.32) |  |
Race, n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 White | 975 (29.61) | 1224 (37.16) |  |
 Black | 996 (30.25) | 732 (22.22) |  |
 Other race | 1322 (40.15) | 1338 (40.62) |  |
 Height (cm) | 169.52 ± 9.60 | 163.29 ± 9.46 |  < 0.001 |
Education, n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Less than high school, high school | 1223 (37.14) | 1602 (48.63) |  |
 More than high school | 2067 (62.77) | 1687 (51.21) |  |
 Unclear | 3 (0.09) | 5 (0.15) |  |
PIR, n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 < 1.35 | 742 (22.53) | 890 (27.02) |  |
 1.35–3.45 | 1017 (30.88) | 1162 (35.28) |  |
 > 3.45 | 1087 (33.01) | 798 (24.23) |  |
 Unclear | 447 (13.57) | 444 (13.48) |  |
Smoking, n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Ever | 588 (17.86) | 916 (27.81) |  |
 Now | 617 (18.74) | 473 (14.36) |  |
 Never | 2088 (63.41) | 1905 (57.83) |  |
Hypertension, n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Yes | 819 (24.87) | 1635 (49.64) |  |
 No | 2471 (75.04) | 1654 (50.21) |  |
 Unclear | 3 (0.09) | 5 (0.15) |  |
Diabetes, n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Yes | 220 (6.68) | 754 (22.89) |  |
 No | 2998 (91.04) | 2406 (73.04) |  |
 Unclear | 75 (2.28) | 134 (4.07) |  |
Blood transfusion, n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Yes | 266 (8.08) | 431 (13.08) |  |
 No | 3007 (91.31) | 2801 (85.03) |  |
 Unclear | 20 (0.61) | 62 (1.88) |  |
Total daily energy intake (kcal), n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 < 1861.5 | 1138 (34.56) | 1458 (44.26) |  |
 ≥ 1861.5 | 1435 (43.58) | 1162 (35.28) |  |
 Unclear | 720 (21.86) | 674 (20.46) |  |
Total daily sugar intake (gm), n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 < 88.44 | 1210 (36.74) | 1386 (42.08) |  |
 ≥ 88.44 | 1363 (41.39) | 1234 (37.46) |  |
 Unclear | 720 (21.86) | 674 (20.46) |  |
Total daily fat intake (gm), n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 < 76.35 | 1179 (35.80) | 1417 (43.02) |  |
 ≥ 76.35 | 1394 (42.33) | 1203 (36.52) |  |
 Unclear | 720 (21.86) | 674 (20.46) |  |
Total daily moisture intake (gm), n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 < 2454.88 | 1215 (36.90) | 1381 (41.92) |  |
 ≥ 2454.88 | 1358 (41.24) | 1239 (37.61) |  |
 Unclear | 720 (21.86) | 674 (20.46) |  |
CRP (mg/l) | 2.82 ± 5.04 | 5.18 ± 10.09 |  < 0.001 |
Ferritin (ng/ml) | 153.57 ± 162.07 | 157.61 ± 179.72 | 0.905 |
Activity intensity (min) | 324.85 ± 200.51 | 329.10 ± 200.72 | 0.245 |
Stratified by CAP (dB/m), n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 < 274 | 2343 (71.15) | 1370 (41.59) |  |
 ≥ 274 | 950 (28.85) | 1924 (58.41) |  |
Stratified by LSM (Kpa), n (%) |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 < 8.0 | 3141 (95.38) | 2796 (84.88) |  |
 ≥ 8.0 | 152 (4.62) | 498 (15.12) |  |