New-onset and relapsed Graves’ disease following COVID-19 vaccination: a comprehensive review of reported cases

Table 1 Distribution of the new-onset and relapsed GD after COVID-19 vaccination according to the vaccine type

Vaccine type	New-onset GD			Reference	Relapsed GD			Reference
Vaccine type	No (%)	Age (years, mean ± SD)	Onset time of symptoms (days; Median, min–max)	Reference	No (%)	Age (years, mean ± SD)	Onset time of symptoms (days; Median, min–max)	Reference
mRNA vaccine	33/62 (53.2)	42.58 ± 11.97^a	12 (1–60)^{a, b, c}	[32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54]	10/62 (16.1)	43 ± 19.41^a	21 (5–30)^{a, c}	[34, 35, 37, 62]
Viral vector vaccine	14/62 (22.5)	45.79 ± 17.56^a	7 (1–28)^{a, e}	[49, 55,56,57,58,59,60,61]	4/62 (6.4)	32.25 ± 9.32^a	14 (10–14)^{a, d}	[57, 63, 64]
Inactivated vaccine	–	–	–	–	1/62 (1.6)	44	7	[34]

^a The age was presented as the mean ± SD, while the onset time was expressed as the median (min–max)
^b One female patient, who had received two doses of the COVID-19 inactivated vaccine followed by one dose of the mRNA vaccine, developed symptoms two days after mRNA vaccination. That patient was therefore excluded
^c Seven patients—five females and two males—were asymptomatic after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination, yet hyperthyroidism was found through routine thyroid function tests. Those patients were therefore excluded
^d One female patient, who had received two doses of the COVID-19 inactivated vaccine followed by one dose of the viral vector vaccine, developed symptoms four days after mRNA vaccination. That patient was therefore excluded
^e One female patient who remained asymptomatic following the COVID-19 viral vector vaccination was found with hyperthyroidism by routine thyroid function tests. That patient was therefore excluded
The patient with new-onset GD following inactivated vaccine has not been reported as yet
GD Graves’ disease, COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019

ISSN: 2047-783X