Table 1 Neurological complications induced by various viruses following BBB invasion

SARS-CoV

Coronaviridae

Follows hematopoietic route, can enter through olfactory means and has ACE2 receptors

[28, 29]

SARS-CoV-2

Coronaviridae

High affinity binding to the ACE2 receptor that involves spike protein

[30, 31]

Lyssavirus/Rabies virus

Rhabdoviridae

Nicotinic acetylcholine present on neuronal cells act as receptor and viral glycoprotein is ligand

[40]

Japanese encephalitis virus

Flaviviridae

Increase expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 which limits Reactive oxygen species

[41]

Zika Virus

Flaviviridae

Follows paracellular pathway to cross placenta, Decrease effects of Occludin and Claudin-5

[34, 35]