Fig. 3
From: Lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer: function and mechanism
Molecular pathways that promote lymphangiogenesis in GC. SHH protein-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and TAMs and T cells in stromal microenvironment promote tumor lymphangiogenesis by inducing VEGFA/C/D expression. CCL21 expressed by LECs can induce CCR7-dependent cancer cells into lymphatic vessels. PDGF-BB secreted by tumor cells can directly induce tumor lymphangiogenesis. SHH sonic hedgehog, CCL21 CC-chemokine ligand 21, CCR7 C–C receptor 7, PDGF-BB platelet-derived growth factor BB, TAMs tumor-associated Macrophage