Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
First author | Year | Study type | Patient population | Sample size | Antibiotics arm | Placebo arm | Intervention regimen | Administration route | Quality of study | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karvouniaris Marios [9] | 2015 | Double-blind RCT | Age > 18years and have received MV > 48h | 168 | 84 | 84 | Nebulizing colistin 5000U thrice daily for 10 days | IH | Some concerns | |
Claridge Jeffrey-A [10] | 2007 | Double-blind RCT | MV patients with high risk for VAP | 105 | 53 | 52 | Nebulizing ceftazidime 250mg every 12h for seven days | IH | Low risk | |
Wood G-C [11] | 2002 | Double-blind RCT | Patients were expected to require MV more than 7 days and with high risk of VAP | 40 | 20 | 20 | Nebulizing ceftazidime 250mg every 12h for seven days | IH | Low risk | |
Klastersky J [12] | 1974 | Open RCT | Patients received tracheostomy | 85 | 43 | 42 | Endotracheal injection of gentamicin 80mg thrice daily | IH | Some concerns | |
H.Lode [13] | 1992 | Double-blind RCT | Patients under MV for more than four days | 162 | 85 | 77 | Endotracheal injection of gentamicin 40mg four times daily until extubation | IH | Some concerns | |
Francois B [14] | 2019 | Double-blind RCT | Age > 18 years and received MV after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and treated with targeted temperature management | 198 | 99 | 99 | Intravenous Amoxicillin–clavulanate (at dose of 1g and 200mg) thrice daily for 2 days | IV | Low risk | |
Sirvent J-M [15] | 1997 | Open RCT | Patients with head injury or coma, with GCS ≤ 12, and have received MV > 72h | 100 | 50 | 50 | Intravenous cefuroxime 1500mg every 12h for 3.5 ± 1.8 days | IV | Some concerns | |
Acquarolo A [16] | 2005 | Open RCT | Age ≥ 18 years and comatose patients under MV, GCS ≤ 8 | 38 | 19 | 19 | Intravenous ampicillin–sulbactam 3g every 6 h for 3 days | IV | Some concerns | |
Mirtalaei N [17] | 2019 | RCT | Stroke patients with age ≥ 20 and on MV, with GCS ≤ 8 | 84 | 42 | 42 | Intravenous piperacillin–tazobactam 4/0.5g at intubation and 12 h later | IV | Low risk | |
Rouby J-J [18] | 1994 | Prospective non-randomized study | Patients have received MV > 72 h | 598 | 347 | 251 | Intratracheal injection of colistin 200,000U every 3 h for 15 days | IH | 8 | |
Rathgeber J [19] | 1993 | Observational study | Patients under MV > 4 days | 69 | 29 | 40 | Intratracheal injection of tobramycin 80mg every 6 h from intubation to extubation | IH | 8 | |
Lewis Timothy-D [20] | 2018 | Observational study | Age ≥ 18 and have received MV ≥ 72 h | 172 | 81 | 91 | Intravenous ceftriaxone 2g for single dose | IV | 8 | |
Valles J [21] | 2013 | Observational study | Comatose patients under MV, with GCS ≤ 8 | 129 | 71 | 58 | Intravenous ceftriaxone 2g for single dose | IV | 9 | |