Relationship between cortisol and diabetic microvascular complications: a retrospective study

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the urinary microalbumin and macroalbuminuria groups in type 2 diabetic patient

Variables	Normoalbuminuria	Microalbuminuria	Macroalbuminuria	p-value
N	940	246	192	< 0.001*
Gender(male), %	446 (47.4%)	126 (51.2%)	111 (57.8%)	0.028*
Age, y	62.1 ± 11.3	62.6 ± 12.9	62.7 ± 12.5	0.735
BMI, kg/m²	25.8 ± 3.5	26.1 ± 4.0	26.6 ± 4.3	0.025*
WHR	0.94 ± 0.07	0.97 ± 0.09	0.97 ± 0.07	< 0.001*
DM duration, y	10.3 ± 7.5	12.0 ± 8.2	14.8 ± 8.1	< 0.001*
HbA1c, %	7.7 (6.7,9.1)	8.8 (7.2,10.5)	8.9 (7.3,10.4)	< 0.001*
SBP, mmHg	136 ± 16	144 ± 18	153 ± 23	< 0.001*
DBP, mmHg	77 ± 11	80 ± 12	82 ± 12	< 0.001*
Cortisol	254 (219,288)	287 (238,326)	299 (246,373)	< 0.001*
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	122.1 ± 40.9	114.1 ± 49.9	90.2 ± 57.8	< 0.001*
Lipid Profile, mmol/L
LDL-c	2.61 ± 0.87	2.64 ± 0.89	3.15 ± 1.38	< 0.001*
FFA	0.39 ± 0.19	0.43 ± 0.19	0.42 ± 0.21	0.022*
TC	4.38 ± 1.07	4.44 ± 1.11	5.13 ± 1.81	< 0.001*
TG	1.34 (0.94,1.96)	1.46 (1.07,2.30)	1.71 (1.17,2.84)	< 0.001*
sUA, umol/L	310 (259,368)	319 (267,390)	374 (309,454)	< 0.001*
Smoking History	220 (23.4%)	68 (27.6%)	56 (29.2%)	0.137
Drinking History	216 (23.0%)	63 (25.6%)	51 (26.6%)	0.454

Kruskal–Wallis H test or Chi-square test
Normally distributed variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, non-normal variables are expressed as median (IQR) and categorical variables are expressed as percentage (%)
BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, DM diabetes mellitus, WHR waist hip ratio, FFA free fatty acid, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, eGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, LDL-C Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, sUA serum uric acid, IQR inter-quartile range

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