Relationship between cortisol and diabetic microvascular complications: a retrospective study

Table 3 Clinical characteristics of NPDR and PDR in participants

Variables	NDR	NPDR	PDR	p-value
N	644	653	59	< 0.001*
Gender(male), %	347 (53.9%)	312 (47.8%)	31 (52.5%)	0.086
Age, y	58.9 ± 12.3	62.7 ± 10.6	60.58 ± 12.1	< 0.001*
BMI, kg/m²	26.2 ± 4.0	25.3 ± 3.3	24.5 ± 3.9	< 0.001*
WHR	0.95 ± 0.07	0.96 ± 0.07	0.95 ± 0.07	0.051
DM duration, y	8.7 ± 6.6	12.4 ± 7.8	12.7 ± 8.2	< 0.001*
HbA1c, %	7.9 (6.8,9.5)	8.3 (7.0,9.7)	8.4 (7.2,9.6)	0.035*
SBP, mmHg	136 ± 17	140 ± 19	145 ± 24	< 0.001*
DBP, mmHg	79 ± 11	78 ± 11	78 ± 11	0.046*
Cortisol	269 (227,332)	305 (244,369)	327 (277,395)	< 0.001*
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	132.3 ± 65.4	112.2 ± 51.5	118.9 ± 59.0	< 0.001*
Lipid Profile, mmol/L
LDL-c	2.77 ± 0.86	2.69 ± 1.03	2.51 ± 1.23	0.083
FFA	0.39 ± 0.18	0.40 ± 0.21	0.37 ± 0.16	0.430
TC	4.52 ± 1.04	4.52 ± 1.31	4.22 ± 1.46	0.216
TG	1.41(1.00,2.12)	1.34(0.95,2.00)	1.17(0.88,1.60)	0.005*
sUA, umol/L	322 (264,390)	320 (263,385)	300 (253,360)	0.105
Smoking History	181 (28.1%)	162 (24.8%)	15 (25.4%)	0.652
Drinking History	172 (26.7%)	160 (24.5%)	14 (23.7%)	0.397

Kruskal–Wallis H test or Chi-square test
Normally distributed variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, non-normal variables are expressed as median (IQR) and categorical variables are expressed as percentage (%)
BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, DM diabetes mellitus, WHR waist hip ratio, FFA free fatty acid, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, eGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, LDL-C Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, sUA serum uric acid, IQR inter-quartile range

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