Relationship between cortisol and diabetic microvascular complications: a retrospective study

Table 5 Clinical Characteristics of NDPN and DPN in participants

Variables	NDPN	DPN	p-value
N	657	1572	–
Gender(male), %	348 (53.0%)	851 (54.1%)	0.614
Age, y	58.6 ± 12.7	64.4 ± 10.6	< 0.001*
BMI, kg/m²	26.3 ± 3.6	26.0 ± 3.5	0.030
WHR	0.95 ± 0.07	0.95 ± 0.07	0.297
DM duration, y	8.3 ± 6.7	12.4 ± 7.5	< 0.001*
HbA1c, %	8.0 (6.8,9.4)	8.1 (7.0,9.5)	0.152
SBP, mmHg	140 ± 18	141 ± 19	0.892
DBP, mmHg	81 ± 11	78 ± 12	< 0.001*
Cortisol	287 (226, 260)	322 (263, 393)	< 0.001*
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	133.8 ± 58.9	121.2 ± 52.1	0.002
Lipid Profile, mmol/L
FFA	0.44 ± 0.21	0.42 ± 0.21	0.026
TC	4.60 ± 1.25	4.55 ± 1.21	0.500
TG	1.47 (1.02, 2.17)	1.37 (0.96,2.03)	0.018
Smoking History	156 (23.7%)	456 (29.0%)	0.011
Drinking History	173 (26.3%)	442 (28.1%)	0.390

Kruskal–Wallis H test or Chi-square test
Normally distributed variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, non-normal variables are expressed as median (IQR) and categorical variables are expressed as percentage (%)
BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, DM diabetes mellitus, WHR waist hip ratio, FFA free fatty acid, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, eGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, LDL-C Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, sUA serum uric acid, IQR inter-quartile range

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