Table 4 Intervention approach and outcomes

1

Listening, singing, coloring sound bell, and other activities

30 min/session, twice/week for six weeks

CSDD = 17.39 ± 9.56^a

MMSE = 12.80 ± 6.15

CSDD = 11.23 ± 8.64***

MMSE = 14.24 ± 6.39*

CSDD = 15.70 ± 10.16

MMSE = 13.76 ± 5.36

CSDD = 11.43 ± 9.72^ns

MMSE = 13.50 ± 4.60^ns

2

Receptive listening

30 min/day for six months

MMSE = 17.6 ± 5.98

MMSE = 16.7 ± 5.55 ^ns

MMSE = 14.7 ± 3.35

MMSE = 14.1 ± 3.71

3

Singing and other folk recreation activities

40–50 min/session, three

Times/week for 16 weeks

MMSE = 14.58 ± 5.59^ns

MMSE = 17.00 ± 4.03**

MMSE = 14.48 ± 4.40

MMSE = 13.05 ± 5.48

4

Listening and physical activity with music

30 min/session, twice/week for 24 weeks

CSDD = 3.088 ± 1.43**

MMSE = 18.06 ± 8.24**

CSDD = 2.47 ± 0.79^ns

MMSE = 16.29 ± 7.50*

CSDD = 1.10 ± 1.89

MMSE = 22.71 ± 6.47

CSDD = 1.16 ± 2.50

MMSE = 21.14 ± 5.23

5

Singing and/or listening

30–40 min/session, twice/day for three months

MMSE = 13.45 ± 3.66^ns

MMSE = 13.34 ± 4.00^ns

MMSE = 13.22 ± 4.01

MMSE = 12.98 ± 4.15

6

Walking while singing and playing an instrument

60 min/session, weekly for two months

MMSE = 16.4 ± 7.3*

CMAI-C = 44.3 ± 14.8*

–

CMAI-C = 41.9 ± 13.4**

MMSE = 17.9 ± 3.7

CMAI-C = 34.7 ± 10.9

–

CMAI-C = 39.0 ± 15.7

7

Singing along or dancing to the music

120 min/session for 16 sessions

MMSE = 13.9 ± 5.8^ns

Agitation = 3.4 ± 3.7^ns

─

Agitation = 1.4 ± 2.0**

MMSE = 12.2 ± 6.2

Agitation = 2.1 ± 3.3

–

Agitation = 1.8 ± 2.6

8

Listening, movement, dancing, playing instruments

30–45 min/session, twice/week for six weeks

MMSE = 10.99 ± 4.16 ^ns

CMAI-NH = 40.97 ± 20.04^ns

–

CMAI-NH = 33.07 ± 14.69***

MMSE = 11.97 ± 4.43

CMAI-NH = 37.20 ± 15.02

–

CMAI-NH = 30.94 ± 11.41

MMSE = 12.12 ± 4.13

CMAI-NH = 35.47 ± 13.96

–

CMAI-NH = 29.55 ± 8.89

9

Traditional operas include sharing stories, demonstrating drama, singing, and memorizing

songs, and performing

40 min/session, twice/week for 12 weeks

MMSE = 11.52 ± 3.39^ns

11.74 ± 1.78^ns

MMSE = 11.45 ± 2.22

11.45 ± 2.22

10

Listening, singing, discussion, games

60 min/session, twice/week for four weeks

CSDD = 5.6 ± 4.7*

CSDD = 5.2 ± 4.6**

CSDD = 6.8 ± 6.6

CSDD = 11.7 ± 7.2