Fig. 1

Biogenesis of LncRNA. This figure illustrates the multi-step process of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) biogenesis; starting from the genomic DNA, the process is initiated with the transcription of LncRNA genes by RNA polymerase, similar to protein-coding genes. Once transcribed, these primary LncRNA transcripts undergo various modifications: LncRNAs receive a 5' cap which helps in stabilization and prevention of degradation; intronic regions are removed, and exons are joined together; not all LncRNAs are spliced, and some exist as single exonic molecules. A poly-A tail is added at the 3' end of the RNA molecule, some LncRNAs are non-polyadenylated and hence lack this tail; while many LncRNAs function within the nucleus, some are exported to the cytoplasm, employing mechanisms similar to mRNAs; depending on their sequence and structure, LncRNAs interact with various cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, or proteins to exert their functional roles