Table 2 Potential biomarkers related to irAEs in GC
From: Mechanisms and biomarkers of immune-related adverse events in gastric cancer
Biomarker | Author | Year | Patient number | Correlation between biomarker and irAEs in GC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
EV-ICOS and EV-IDO1 | Jiang [95] | 2022 | 102 | GC patients with higher EVICOS or EV-IDO1 carry a lower risk of irAE with shorter intervals, representing a group of patients with better tolerance to ICI. However, they were not associated with the efficacy of immunotherapy |
HLA-DR15 | Yano [98] | 2020 | 11 | HLA-DR15 is significantly higher in patients with pituitary irAE than in healthy controls, which may be a predisposing factor for pituitary irAE. The mechanism may be that HLA-DR15 mediated IL-17 |
TLS | Mori [19] | 2021 | 19 | Patients with high TLS showed excellent anti-tumor immune response and higher frequency of immune-related adverse events |
P-CRP and CA19-9 | Matsunaga [118] | 2022 | 78 | CA19-9 and P-CRP are effective predictors of irAE, and the predictive ability of the combination of P-CRP and CA19-9 is much higher than that of independent P-CRP or CA19-9 |
NLR and PLR | Takada [123] | 2022 | 73 | Pretreatment NLR < 4.3 was significantly associated with a decreased risk of grade 3–4 irAE, and NLR change rate over 120% after treatment was significantly associated with increased risk of irAE |
ALB and type I hypersensitivity | Shimozaki [127] | 2021 | 247 | The occurrence of type I hypersensitivity is associated with allergen-specific CD4 + T cells. When PD-1 is blocked by ICB, allergen-specific CD4 + T cells are activated to produce cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-5, leading to irAE |