Table 2 Baseline characteristics before and after propensity matching

Demographic

Female, n (%)

395 (41.4)

91 (43.3)

304 (40.8)

0.563

age, y (median [IQR])

66.00 [55.00, 77.00]

68.50 [56.00, 79.00]

65.00 [55.00, 76.00]

0.191

BMI, kg/m² (median [IQR])

27.21 [23.26, 32.32]

26.25 [22.75, 31.42]

27.66 [23.50, 32.44]

0.118

Diagnosis [underlying cardiac causes], n (%)

74 (7.7)

15 (7.1)

59 (7.9)

0.821

Admission location [Emergency], n (%)

541 (56.6)

115 (54.8)

426 (57.2)

0.585

Comorbidities

aCCI, median [IQR]

6.00 [4.00, 9.00]

6.00 [4.00, 9.00]

6.00 [4.00, 9.00]

0.785

Age_score, median [IQR]

3.00 [2.00, 4.00]

3.50 [2.00, 4.00]

3.00 [2.00, 4.00]

0.358

Myocardial_infarct, n (%)

264 (27.6)

63 (30.0)

201 (27.0)

0.437

Congestive_heart_failure, n (%)

424 (44.4)

91 (43.3)

333 (44.7)

0.785

Peripheral_vascular_disease, n (%)

137 (14.3)

37 (17.6)

100 (13.4)

0.155

Cerebrovascular_disease, n (%)

135 (14.1)

26 (12.4)

109 (14.6)

0.475

Dementia, n (%)

38 (4.0)

9 (4.3)

29 (3.9)

0.954

Chronic_pulmonary_disease, n (%)

241 (25.2)

55 (26.2)

186 (25.0)

0.787

Rheumatic_disease, n (%)

35 (3.7)

5 (2.4)

30 (4.0)

0.361

Peptic_ulcer_disease, n (%)

34 (3.6)

6 (2.9)

28 (3.8)

0.681

Mild_liver_disease, n (%)

169 (17.7)

32 (15.2)

137 (18.4)

0.34

Diabetes_without_cc, n (%)

282 (29.5)

56 (26.7)

226 (30.3)

0.345

Diabetes_with_cc, n (%)

160 (16.8)

29 (13.8)

131 (17.6)

0.234

Paraplegia, n (%)

34 (3.6)

10 (4.8)

24 (3.2)

0.394

Renal_disease, n (%)

335 (35.1)

72 (34.3)

263 (35.3)

0.849

Malignant_cancer, n (%)

124 (13.0)

22 (10.5)

102 (13.7)

0.268

Severe_liver_disease, n (%)

52 (5.4)

8 (3.8)

44 (5.9)

0.312

Metastatic_solid_tumor, n (%)

52 (5.4)

11 (5.2)

41 (5.5)

1

AIDS, N (%)

7 (0.7)

1 (0.5)

6 (0.8)

1

Sepsis, n (%)

660 (69.1)

166 (79.0)

494 (66.3)

0.001

Treatment, n (%)

Defibrillation

33 (3.5)

7 (3.3)

26 (3.5)

1

Ventilation

624 (65.3)

141 (67.1)

483 (64.8)

0.59

Laboratory indicators, median [IQR]

WBC, × 10^{^9}/L

9.40 [6.60, 14.60]

15.95 [11.53, 20.98]

8.50 [6.10, 12.00]

 < 0.001

Basophils, × 10^{^9}/L

0.03 [0.01, 0.05]

0.02 [0.00, 0.04]

0.03 [0.01, 0.05]

 < 0.001

Eosinophils, × 10^{^9}/L

0.09 [0.02, 0.22]

0.02 [0.00, 0.07]

0.12 [0.04, 0.25]

 < 0.001

Lymphocytes, × 10^{^9}/L

1.21 [0.77, 1.84]

0.62 [0.43, 0.89]

1.40 [1.00, 2.00]

 < 0.001

Monocytes, × 10^{^9}/L

0.51 [0.35, 0.78]

0.60 [0.35, 1.10]

0.50 [0.35, 0.73]

0.001

Neutrophils, × 10^{^9}/L

7.12 [4.48, 11.91]

14.32 [10.22, 19.09]

6.00 [3.98, 9.23]

 < 0.001

pco2,mmHg

43.00 [36.00, 52.00]

44.00 [37.00, 54.00]

43.00 [36.00, 52.00]

0.235

aado2_calc,mmHg

259.50 [171.95, 488.62]

290.68 [180.75, 519.09]

252.25 [170.20, 479.00]

0.132

PaO2/FiO2

178.00 [88.79, 325.00]

184.50 [87.39, 288.00]

178.00 [89.00, 330.00]

0.299

ph

7.32 [7.21, 7.39]

7.28 [7.18, 7.36]

7.32 [7.22, 7.39]

0.001

Lactate, mmol/L

2.80 [1.70, 5.10]

3.40 [1.80, 6.10]

2.70 [1.60, 4.80]

0.006

Hematocrit, %

32.40 [27.50, 38.30]

33.25 [28.02, 39.48]

32.10 [27.30, 38.00]

0.065

Hemoglobin, g/L

10.50 [8.80, 12.40]

10.70 [9.10, 12.97]

10.40 [8.70, 12.30]

0.054

Platelet, × 10^{^9}/L

194.00 [142.00, 266.50]

211.00 [157.25, 281.00]

189.00 [137.00, 262.00]

0.002

Outcomes

Death (%)

458 (48.0)

129 (61.4)

329 (44.2)

 < 0.001

Los, day (median [IQR])

3.27 [1.61, 7.07]

3.58 [1.73, 7.13]

3.17 [1.54, 7.00]

0.277

In hospital time, day (median [IQR])

9.17 [4.29, 19.08]

7.58 [3.33, 18.95]

9.62 [4.50, 19.12]

0.083

ICU_28,day (median [IQR])

28.00 [4.27, 28.00]

13.94 [2.43, 28.00]

28.00 [4.92, 28.00]

 < 0.001

IV_time_sum, hour (median [IQR])

29.00 [9.00, 73.50]

35.00 [12.00, 95.75]

27.00 [9.00, 67.00]

0.073

NE_sum, μg

0.58 [0.00, 17.47]

2.45 [0.00, 28.49]

0.13 [0.00, 15.08]

0.003

Va_sum, IU

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.00 [0.00, 5.42]

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.016

DB_sum, μg

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.674

Sofa score

8.00 [5.00, 12.00]

9.00 [6.00, 11.00]

8.00 [5.00, 12.00]

0.219

GCS score

15.00[14.00, 15.00]

15.00 [14.00, 15.00]

15.00 [14.00, 15.00]

0.698

Demographic

Female, n (%)

152 (39.8)

80 (41.9)

72 (37.7)

0.464

Age, y (median [IQR])

68.00 [54.00, 78.00]

68.00 [56.00, 78.00]

68.00 [54.00, 76.50]

0.579

BMI, kg/m² (median [IQR])

26.82 [23.08, 32.17]

26.29 [22.89, 31.92]

27.34 [23.72, 32.67]

0.228

Diagnosis [underlying cardiac causes], n (%)

33 (8.6)

13 (6.8)

20 (10.5)

0.275

Admission location [Emergency], n (%)

215 (56.3)

102 (53.4)

113 (59.2)

0.302

Comorbidities

aCCI, median [IQR]

7.00 [5.00, 9.00]

6.00 [4.00, 9.00]

7.00 [5.00, 9.00]

0.363

Age_score, median [IQR]

3.00 [2.00, 4.00]

3.00 [2.00, 4.00]

3.00 [2.00, 4.00]

0.603

Myocardial_infarct, n (%)

111 (29.1)

59 (30.9)

52 (27.2)

0.499

Congestive_heart_failure, n (%)

186 (48.7)

85 (44.5)

101 (52.9)

0.125

Peripheral_vascular_disease, n (%)

60 (15.7)

33 (17.3)

27 (14.1)

0.482

Cerebrovascular_disease, n (%)

48 (12.6)

26 (13.6)

22 (11.5)

0.643

Dementia, n (%)

15 (3.9)

8 (4.2)

7 (3.7)

1

Chronic_pulmonary_disease, n (%)

107 (28.0)

50 (26.2)

57 (29.8)

0.494

Rheumatic_disease, n (%)

15 (3.9)

4 (2.1)

11 (5.8)

0.114

Peptic_ulcer_disease, n (%)

11 (2.9)

5 (2.6)

6 (3.1)

1

Mild_liver_disease, n (%)

62 (16.2)

31 (16.2)

31 (16.2)

1

Diabetes_without_cc, n (%)

116 (30.4)

50 (26.2)

66 (34.6)

0.095

Diabetes_with_cc, n (%)

58 (15.2)

27 (14.1)

31 (16.2)

0.669

Paraplegia, n (%)

13 (3.4)

10 (5.2)

3 (1.6)

0.09

Renal_disease, n (%)

143 (37.4)

68 (35.6)

75 (39.3)

0.526

Malignant_cancer, n (%)

37 (9.7)

16 (8.4)

21 (11.0)

0.489

Severe_liver_disease, n (%)

18 (4.7)

8 (4.2)

10 (5.2)

0.809

Metastatic_solid_tumor, n (%)

23 (6.0)

9 (4.7)

14 (7.3)

0.39

AIDS, n (%)

3 (0.8)

1 (0.5)

2 (1.0)

1

Sepsis, n (%)

297 (77.7)

148 (77.5)

149 (78.0)

1

Treatment, n (%)

Defibrillation

13 (3.4)

6 (3.1)

7 (3.7)

1

Ventilation

253 (66.2)

126 (66.0)

127 (66.5)

1

Laboratory indicators, median [IQR]

WBC, × 10^{^9/}L

12.15 [8.20, 17.05]

15.70 [11.50, 20.20]

9.00 [6.60, 13.10]

 < 0.001

Basophils, × 10^{^9/}L

0.02 [0.00, 0.05]

0.02 [0.00, 0.04]

0.03 [0.01, 0.05]

 < 0.001

Eosinophils, × 10^{^9/}L

0.05 [0.00, 0.18]

0.02 [0.00, 0.07]

0.14 [0.05, 0.30]

 < 0.001

Lymphocytes, × 10^{^9/}L

0.93 [0.60, 1.48]

0.62 [0.42, 0.88]

1.40 [1.04, 1.98]

 < 0.001

Monocytes, × 10^{^9/}L

0.54 [0.35, 0.87]

0.58 [0.33, 1.07]

0.52 [0.36, 0.76]

0.081

Neutrophils, × 10^{^9/}L

10.13 [6.10, 15.34]

14.01 [10.25, 18.49]

6.68 [4.56, 9.84]

 < 0.001

pco2, mmHg

43.00 [36.00, 53.00]

43.00 [36.00, 52.50]

43.00 [36.00, 53.00]

0.905

aado2_calc, mmHg

266.75 [175.81, 501.38]

276.50 [180.75, 514.25]

260.75 [175.22, 492.50]

0.455

PaO2/FiO2

190.71 [88.57, 314.75]

185.00 [87.00, 288.00]

196.00 [92.00, 326.50]

0.282

Ph

7.30 [7.20, 7.37]

7.29 [7.19, 7.36]

7.32 [7.20, 7.37]

0.282

Lactate, mmol/L

2.90 [1.80, 5.40]

3.20 [1.70, 5.70]

2.80 [1.80, 4.90]

0.799

Hematocrit, %

33.25 [27.83, 39.30]

33.60 [28.10, 39.70]

32.90 [27.35, 38.40]

0.247

Hemoglobin, g/L

10.70 [8.93, 12.80]

10.80 [9.10, 13.15]

10.50 [8.75, 12.40]

0.144

Platelet, × 10^{^9/}L

203.00 [152.25, 268.75]

204.00 [153.50, 268.50]

200.00 [147.50, 269.50]

0.967

Outcomes

Death (%)

196 (51.3)

115 (60.2)

81 (42.4)

0.001

Los, day (median [IQR])

3.75 [1.82, 7.60]

3.56 [1.72, 7.11]

3.97 [1.95, 7.76]

0.521

In hospital time, day (median [IQR])

9.77 [4.47, 20.20]

7.42 [3.12, 18.79]

11.25 [5.42, 21.33]

0.005

ICU_28, day (median [IQR])

28.00 [3.74, 28.00]

13.96 [2.47, 28.00]

28.00 [4.98, 28.00]

0.001

IV_time_sum, hour (median [IQR])

35.00 [11.25, 79.50]

35.00 [12.00, 97.50]

35.00 [11.00, 69.50]

0.397

NE_sum, ug

0.91 [0.00, 18.98]

1.89 [0.00, 26.19]

0.04 [0.00, 14.09]

0.053

Va_sum, IU

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.00 [0.00, 3.30]

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.068

DB_sum, ug

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.974

Sofa score

8.00 [5.00, 12.00]

9.00 [6.00, 11.00]

8.00 [5.00, 12.00]

0.285

GCS score

15.00 [14.00, 15.00]

15.00 [14.00, 15.00]

15.00 [14.00, 15.00]

0.642