Daily consumption of γ-oryzanol-fortified canola oil, compared with unfortified canola and sunflower oils, resulted in a better improvement of certain cardiometabolic biomarkers of adult subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Table 3 Intra- and inter-group comparisons of anthropometric, blood pressure and biochemical biomarkers

Variable	Group 1 (n₁ = 30)			Group 2 (n₂ = 32)			Group 3 (n₃ = 30)			P₂	P₃	P₄
Variable	Initial	Final	P₁	Initial	Final	P₁	Initial	Final	P₁	P₂	P₃	P₄
BMI (kg/m²)	28.4 ± 0.79	27.9 ± 0.77	< 0.001	29.7 ± 0.72	28.3 ± 0.71	< 0.001	29.2 ± 0.68	28.5 ± 0.72	0.019	0.831	0.753	0.390
WC (cm)	99.7 ± 2.0	97.03 ± 2.0	< 0.001	104.6 ± 1.9	102.4 ± 1.9	< 0.001	102.7 ± 1.4	102.2 ± 1.4	0.472	0.894	0.017	0.047
SBP (mmHg)	135.5 ± 2.6	127.9 ± 2.7	0.035	139.6 ± 2.9	134.0 ± 2.4	0.078	141.9 ± 3.8	140.8 ± 4.3	0.661	0.581	0.049	0.306
DBP (mmHg)	84.7 ± 1.6	76.3 ± 3.0	0.0175	85.6 ± 1.4	83.9 ± 1.6	0.266	86.3 ± 1.5	84.4 ± 2.0	0.315	0.057	0.059	0.997
FBG (mg/dL)	134.0 ± 6.2	126.4 ± 5.8	0.039	157.1 ± 13.8	141.2 ± 11.1	0.090	144.6 ± 8.1	152.4 ± 11.6	0.367	0.990	0.157	0.113
HbA1c (%)	6.1 ± 0.12	5.4 ± 0.12	< 0.001	6.1 ± 0.24	5.8 ± 0.20	0.053	5.9 ± 0.18	6.0 ± 0.20	0.472	0.010	< 0.001	0.093
Insulin (μIU/mL)	17.2 ± 2.2	16.2 ± 1.9	0.437	16.6 ± 2.1	16.5 ± 1.8	0.942	16.9 ± 2.2	18.3 ± 2.2	0.343	0.893	0.380	0.640
HOMA-IR	5.6 ± 0.7	4.9 ± 0.6	0.168	5.7 ± 0.7	5.5 ± 0.6	0.239	5.7 ± 0.8	6.5 ± 0.8	0.228	0.976	0.079	0.118
TG (mg/dL)	134.7 ± 9.8	116.8 ± 7.8	0.005	147.1 ± 11.8	129.8 ± 10.5	0.141	131.1 ± 10.5	115.7 ± 7.7	0.070	0.776	0.997	0.815
TC (mg/dL)	145.1 ± 5.5	142.8 ± 6.9	0.535	162.2 ± 7.3	159.8 ± 7.7	0.592	150.6 ± 5.6	149.0 ± 6.8	0.785	0.949	0.976	0.994
HDL-C (mg/dL)	58.9 ± 2.8	58.3 ± 2.8	0.795	59.1 ± 3.3	57.0 ± 2.5	0.489	62.5 ± 2.4	58.7 ± 2.4	0.156	0.894	0.947	0.991
LDL-C (mg/dL)	100.3 ± 3.6	100.9 ± 4.1	0.850	109.3 ± 6.4	105.3 ± 6.7	0.388	100.2 ± 5.1	102.9 ± 5.9	0.597	0.919	0.937	0.740

Group 1: γ-oryzanol-fortified canola oil; Group 2: Unfortified canola oil (without γ-oryzanol); Group 3: Sunflower oil
P₁: Intra-group comparison; P₂: Comparison between groups 1 and 2; P₃: Comparison between groups 1 and 3; P₄: Comparison between groups 2 and 3
BMI body mass index, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FBG fasting blood glucose, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP systolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, WC waist circumference

ISSN: 2047-783X