Fig. 1

Pathogenesis, symptoms and treatment of AR. Nasal mucosal epithelial barrier injury, antigen presentation and sensitization, inflammation collectively contribute to AR, accompanied by repeated sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion and itching, red eyes and watery eyes, itchy palate and cough et al. Drug therapy and allergen-specific immunotherapy are the most commonly employed approaches. Conventional treatment drugs for AR include glucocorticoids, antihistamines, and anti-leukotrienes