Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author | Year | Country | Type of study | Sample size | Study population | Age | Male (%) | Sleep quality measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahmadi [15] | 2021 | UK | Cohort study | 468,569 | Adults aged between 40 and 69 years from the UK Biobank | 56.5 ± 8.1 | 45.40% | 5-point scale based on: Morning chronotype, sleep duration (7–9 h), not usually insomnia, no snoring, and no frequent daytime sleepiness Poor sleep = 0 or 1 moderate sleep = 2 or 3 good sleeps = 4 or 5 |
Cloosterman [16] | 2021 | Netherlands | Cohort study | 2586 | Runners participating in an ongoing randomized controlled trial on running injury prevention among recreational runners | 44.4 (12.2) | 62 | On five option scale for sleep disruption from 5 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree), sleep disruption was categorized as an answer of agree or strongly agree (4 or 5 points) |
Elise [17] | 2022 | UK | Panel study (Longitudinal study) | 1811 | Adults from the UCL COVID-19 Social Study who had previously been infected with COVID-19 | 45–59 = 40.70% 30–44 = 23.91% 18–29 = 5.96% | 24.41 | 5 option scale from very good, good, average, not good, and very poor Good sleep was categorized as very good/good, average sleep as average and poor sleep as not good/very poor |
Gao [18] | 2020 | China | Case–control | 105 cases and 210 controls | Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection as the case group from the Wuhan Tongji Hospital, and 2 controls for each case from communities in Wuhan | 54.3 (55 for case and 54 for control) | 45.70% | Lack of sleep referred to sleep duration < 7 h per night. (Sleep duration = (5 × weekday sleep duration) + (2 × weekend sleep duration)/7) |
Hayley [19] | 2021 | UK | Cohort study | 15,227 | Age 16 years or more and residence in the UK at the point of enrolment, recruited via a national media campaign | 59.4 ± 13.4 | 30.2 | Online questions asking about sleep hours |
Huang [20] | 2020 | China | Cohort study | 164 | A history of SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by high-throughput sequencing or positive real-time reverse-transcription polymerase-chain-reaction, Chinese race, and age ≥ 18 years and discharged from one of 4 clinical centers in 3 provinces | 44 | 50 | Sleep status was defined according to national sleep foundation guidelines |
Hyunju [21] | 2021 | USA | Case–control | 568 COVID-19 cases and 2316 controls | Healthcare workers in 6 countries with a high frequency of workplace exposure to covid-19 | 48 | 71.6 | The following 3 sleep problems were defined: (1) Did you have difficulties falling asleep at night? (2) Did you often wake up in the early hours, unable to get back to sleep? (3) Did you take sleeping pills more than 3 times per week? A score between 0 and 3 was given based on having these sleep problems |
Jones et al. [22] | 2022 | USA | Cohort study | 557,000 | Individuals in the FInnGen database | N.R | N.R | ICD10-based electronic health record and questionnaire-based information on self-reported short sleep and insomnia and diagnosis of insomnia |
Li et al. [23] | 2021 | USA | Cohort study | 46,535 | UK biobank | 69.4 ± 8.3 years | 46.70% | Sleep behavior burdens: “none” (0), “mild” (1), “moderate” (2–3), “significant” (4–6) |
Marcus et al. [24] | 2021 | USA | Cohort study | 14,335 | English speaking adults with a smartphone | 18–29 years: 1961 (13.7%) 30–39 years: 3225 (22.5%) 40–49 years: 2873 (20.0%) 50–59 years: 2839 (19.8%) + 60 years: 3437 (24.0%) | 35% | Sleep duration |
Mohsin et al. [25] | 2021 | Bangladesh | Comparative cross-sectional | 1500 | COVID-19 patients in Dhaka city | 43.23 ± 15.48 years | 69.20% | History of sleep disturbances |
Pływaczewska et al. [26] | 2022 | Poland | Cohort study | 1847 | Participants of the STOP-COVID registry of the PoLoCOV-Study | Median age 51 | 34.50% | History of insomnia (defined as a difficulty falling asleep and maintaining sleep continuity during 4 weeks before COVID-19; falling asleep after midnight and nightshift work) |