Fig. 3
From: Nanotechnology development in surgical applications: recent trends and developments
Although osteochondral abnormalities have been treated with limited success utilizing regenerative methods employing human MSCs, nanotechnology may make these treatments more effective. The normal flow of events for MSC therapy utilizing nanotechnology is shown in this diagram. The patient's MSCs are initially removed and cultivated in a growth medium (a). These cells are transplanted into the chosen scaffold material, developed into chondrocytes (b), grown in a bioreactor (c), and then reinserted back into the patient (d) [30]