Fig. 5
From: Nanotechnology development in surgical applications: recent trends and developments
A Traditional tissue engineering (TE) paradigm involves isolating primary cells from patients and planting them on a three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffold particularly engineered to encourage cell proliferation and differentiation. The bioartificial system is created in a specialized setting, where a bioreactor provides metabolic, mechanical, and electrical stimuli. Cells begin to create an extracellular matrix in this tissue-specific engineered environment, leading to in vitro tissue development. The tissue-engineered product is subsequently implanted in the patient, where it undergoes an in-vivo remodeling process that facilitates tissue repair. B TE method for developing in vitro models [203]