Fig. 1

Simplified overview of pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic targets by AGEs-induced diabetic vascular injury. NF-κB nuclear factor-kappa B, ROS reactive oxygen species, IL-6/8 interleukin-6/8, CCL-2 chemokine ligand-2, MCL; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor, NO nitric oxide, MAPKs mitogen-activated protein kinases, PDGF platelet-derived growth factor, TGF-β transforming growth factor-beta, MMPs matrix metalloproteinases, TIMPs tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, JKA–STAT Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor