Table 1 Classification of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their precursors
Type of AGEs | Precursors | Pathways involved | Related diseases/conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
N^ε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) | Glucose, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | Non-enzymatic glycation; Maillard reaction | CVD, Diabetic nephropathy |
N^ε-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) | Glyoxal, Methylglyoxal | Non-enzymatic glycation; Maillard reaction | CVD, Diabetic retinopathy |
Pyrraline | 3-Deoxyglucosone, Glyoxal | Non-enzymatic glycation; Maillard reaction | CVD, Alzheimer's disease |
Pentosidine | Ribose, Glucose | Non-enzymatic glycation; Maillard reaction | CVD, Osteoarthritis |
Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone (MG–H1) | Methylglyoxal | Non-enzymatic glycation; Maillard reaction | CVD, Diabetic neuropathy |
Glyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone (G–H1) | Glyoxal | Non-enzymatic glycation; Maillard reaction | CVD, Alzheimer's disease |
Argpyrimidine | Methylglyoxal, Arginine | Non-enzymatic glycation; Maillard reaction | CVD, Diabetic nephropathy |