Acute renal injury after aortic arch reconstruction with cardiopulmonary bypass for children: prediction models by machine learning of a retrospective cohort study

Table 1 Demographic and Preoperative Clinical Characteristics

Variable	AKI (n = 67)	Non-AKI (n = 67)	P value	Standardized differences
Gender	Male/Female (48/19)	Male/Female (43/24)	0.46	0.15
Age (month)	2 (1.0–7.0)	3.0 (1.5–9.6)	0.25	0.24
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)	81.1 (54.3–95.4)	103.40 (71.0–140.6)	0.01*	0.63
Weight (kg)	4.4 (3.5–6.0)	6.0 (4.5–8.5)	< .001*	0.75
Premature	12 (0.18)	5 (0.07)	0.07	0.34
Cyanosis	36 (0.53)	17 (0.25)	0.01*	0.59
RACHS	III/IV/V (43/14/10)	III/IV/V (58/3/6)	0.01*	0.53
CPB strategy	MHCA /DHCA (38/29)	MHCA /DHCA (34/33)	0.60	0.12
PDA	46 (0.68)	58 (0.86)	0.45	0.43
PAH	None/Mild/Moderate/Severe (7/4/11/45)	None/Mild/ Moderate/Severe (14/5/9/39)	0.15	0.31
Preoperative diuretics	15 (0.22)	14 (0.21)	0.85	0.02^△
Vasoactive drugs	11 (0.16)	10 (0.15)	0.81	0.03^△
Surgery (min)	181 (162–206)	160(146–190)	< .001*	0.86
CPB (min)	92 (73–110)	106 (94–126)	< .001*	0.85
ACCT (min)	62 (52–73)	47 (43–61)	< .001*	0.90
Renal. ischemia (min)	34 (29–40)	27 (21–35)	< .001*	0.83

RACHS risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery, CPB strategy cardiopulmonary bypass strategy PDA patent ductus arteriosus, PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension, ACCT aortic cross-clamp time, MHCA moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest, DHCA Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest
^*P < 0.05
△Standardized differences less than 0.10 indicated absolute balance

ISSN: 2047-783X