Table 1 The characteristics of the endometrium- and embryo-derived EVs

Endometrial epithelial cells

Alix, HSP70

TSG101, CD9, CD63

1: Proteins:

SOD1, PRDX6, PRDX1, TMP4, PARK7

2: Protein:

EMMPRIN

3: Proteins:

BMPR2, DDR1, IGSF8, MST1R4

4: Proteins:

COPS3, CUL3, NOTCH1, PLCG1, ADAM10

5: Proteins:

CSTB, DDR1, RAB25, ST14, TXN

6: sncRNAs:

miR-100-5p

1: Enhance trophectoderm invasion

2: Stimulates metalloproteinase production

3: Epithelial cell migration

4: Embryo development

5: Cell invasion

6: Promote trophoblast migration and invasion and promote angiogenesis

[65]

[75]

[103]

[65] 

Endometrial stromal cells

CD63

CD81

1: sncRNAs:

miR-138-5p, miR-100-5p

2: Proteins:

MMP-1/3/10, ADAM9/10/15/34, ADAMTS5/8/9/12

1: Induce tubercle vein endothelial cells and angiogenesis

2: Regulates embryo implantation and early pregnancy

3: Induce the release of VEGF and PDGF-AA of embryo

[102]

[58]

[104]

Uterine fluid

ALIX, CD63, TSG101, CD9

1: RNAs:

AC114491.1, AC008608.2, PMS2P5, C10orf99, NPTN-IT1, AC012358.3, ANKRD18A, GLIS2-AS1, AC011447.7, AL009174.1, C1QTNF2, TMED6, AC016355.1, AL021392.1

2: RNAs:

CD200R1, FAM66B, AL391834.1, WNT9B, CECR7

3: Proteins:

MPO,PRDX1/2, TXN, PARK7

4: Proteins:

LGALS1, LGALS3, VIM

5: sncRNAs:

hsa-miR-501-5P, hsa-miR-411-3P,

hsa-miR-18a-5P,

hsa-miR-196a-5P,

hsa-miR-493-5P,

hsa-miR-497-5P

1: Selectively detected in women with successful implantation

2: Selectively detected in women with failed implantation

3: Regulate antioxidant activity

4: Invasion-related

proteins

5: TGF-β receptor signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, and immune response

[20]

[65]

[21]

Trophoblast

PD-L1, CD63

CD81

CD9

PLAP

MIC-A/B

ULBP1-5

1: RNAs:

HSPE1

2: sncRNAs:

has-miR-23b

3: sncRNAs:

hsa-miR-146a, hsa-miR-155

1: Regulate T_reg cells

2: Inhibit the Th17 signaling

3: Regulate T_reg cells

[147]

[148]

Embryo

CD9

CD63

Alix

HLA-G

1: RNAs:

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-myc, Nanog

2: Proteins:

IFNT, HLA-G, PIBF

1: Regulate the production of progesterone

2: Modulate the activity of decidual NK cells, macrophages, T cells, and B cells

[48]

[136,137,138,139,140]

[148]