Fig. 5
From: Treatment of brainstem and fourth ventricle lesions by the full neuroendoscopic telovelar approach
Total neuroendoscopic resection of astrocytoma of brainstem and fourth ventricle. A–C MRI showed space occupying lesions in the brain stem and the top of the fourth ventricle. D MRI showed supratentorial hydrocephalus. E Head fixed in a head-holder and slightly flexed. F The median aperture of the fourth ventricle was exposed. G The lesion was seen under neuroendoscopy. H Resection of lesion under neuroendoscopy. I Enlarged midbrain aqueduct outlet after hydrocephalus. J Exploration of the third ventricle via midbrain aqueduct using neuroendoscopy. K: Postoperative CT scan shown the lesion was removed completely. L Histopathological examination revealed a pilocytic astrocytoma. SM: stria medullaris; VII: facial colliculus; XII: hypoglossal triangle; X: vagal triangle; GT: gracile tubercle; MA: median aperture; MS: median sulcus; ME: median eminence; AM: aqueduct of midbrain; PICA: posterior inferior cerebellar artery