Table 1 Classification of ICIs
Generic name and date of FDA approbation | Subclass | Mechanism of action | indications |
|---|---|---|---|
Ipilumab | CTLA-4 ICI | Ipilumab enables the patient’s T cells to attack a broader range of antigens rather than inducing an increase in T cells. Ipilimumab binding to CTLA-4 blocks the inhibitory signal, thus, allowing CTLs to kill cancer cells [31,32,33] | Melanomas Colorectal carcinoma Oesophageal cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma Non-small cell lung cancers Renal cell cancers [38] |
nivolumab | PD1 ICI | relieves immune cells from pathological immune suppression and allows them to recognize and combat tumor cells by inhibiting PD-1 activity [43] | Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Colorectal cancer Urothelial carcinoma Small cell lung carcinoma, metastasis Pleural mesothelial |
Pembrolizumab [44] | PD1 ICI | Like Nivolumab | Melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell cancer, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, urothelial carcinoma, GIT cancers cervical cancer hepatocellular carcinoma and Merkel cell carcinoma |
Atezolizumab | PDL1 ICI | increase the number of proliferating CD8 + T cells by inducing increases in IL-18, IFN, and CXCL11 and a temporary decrease in IL-6 [45, 46]. by inhibiting PD-L1, thus increasing T-cell-mediated immunity against tumors | Safe and efficacious in a wide range of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies metastatic NSCLC unresponsive to platinum-containing chemotherapy extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer [20, 47] |