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Table 2 Group-wise comparison of immunological and molecular markers at baseline (before treatment) and after treatment as well as timepoint-wise comparison within group

From: Adhatoda vasica and Tinospora cordifolia extracts ameliorate clinical and molecular markers in mild COVID-19 patients: a randomized open-label three-armed study

Sr. no

Parameters

Groups

Before treatment

Mid treatment

After treatment

P-value (time-point comparison in each group)

Kruskal P-value (group-wise comparison at baseline)

Kruskal P-value (group-wise comparison at after treatment)

1

IFN-α2 (pg/ml)

Group A

10.36 (5.38–17.52)

11.3 (5.7–23.81)

11.3 (7.88–20.1)

0.78

0.531

0.368

Group B

8.65 (4.05–13.08)

7.88 (1.37–12.43)

7.88 (4.34–20.1)

0.37

Group C

11.3 (2.42–15.98)

6.15 (2.42–17.52)

6.15 (2.23–17.74)

0.3

2

IFN-γ (pg/ml)

Group A

5.29 (2.43–13.88)

6.21 (1.86–13.88)

6.41 (1.82–10.83)

0.2

0.23

0.768

Group B

1 (0.69–8.56)

9.39 (5.82–13.06)

11.37 (1–18.34)

0.06

Group C

7.76 (2.75–13.88)

6.81 (3.91–11.24)

5.35 (1–8.25)

0.88

3

IL-1β (pg/ml)

Group A

11.15 (3.45–22.69)

14.4 (6.21–24.49)

14.51 (7.86–24.37)

0.09

0.314

0.978

Group B

12.04 (2.62–26.07)

14.08 (3.48–38.09)

20.53 (12.3–45.08)

0.69

Group C

4.08 (1.88–18.07)

9.24 (2.41–29.54)

11.51 (3.77–27.31)

0.16,##

4

IL-1Ra (pg/ml)

Group A

34.05 (17.74–64.02)

39.88 (14.57–68.21)

33 (24.66–76.63)

0.73

0.378

0.483

Group B

22.33 (14.32–32.16)

37.28 (9.97–58.86)

41.07 (10.99–74.45)

0.53

Group C

28.74 (10.83–47.4)

28.24 (13.03–58.5)

39.62 (27.14–70.46)

0.14

5

IL-4 (pg/ml)

Group A

0.48 (0.24–1.38)

0.24 (0.17–0.75)

0.3 (0.24–0.75)

0.15

0.568

0.688

Group B

2.88 (1.67–4.22)

0.35 (0.14–0.79)

0.36 (0.17–1.56)

0.22

Group C

0.69 (0.27–2.44)

0.46 (0.22–1.1)

0.24 (0.14–0.38)

0.55

6

IL-6 (pg/ml)

Group A

13.88 (5.83–36.54)

14.52 (5.09–33.29)

22.29 (5.98–105.94)

0.78

0.271

0.916

Group B

8.13 (3.81–12.2)

11.21 (4.58–31.67)

11.69 (6.67–54.23)

0.23

Group C

17.17 (3.88–39.73)

8.87 (4.96–22.95)

21.33 (7.81–32.38)

0.55

7

IL-7 (pg/ml)

Group A

6.16 (2.81–10.3)

4.47 (2.77–10.23)

3.39 (2.19–9.66)

0.24

0.311

0.603

Group B

3.75 (2.29–5.24)

2.7 (1.78–5.41)

3.68 (1.69–5.08)

0.69

Group C

3.78 (2.08–6.06)

4.74 (2.49–8.48)

3.71 (1.79–5.98)

0.1

8

IL-8 (pg/ml)

Group A

1589.84 (94.64–2814.19)

1290.48 (105.63–3925.97)

1648.81 (522.78–4837.69)

0.73

0.118

0.841

Group B

111.9 (37.5–1671.22)

1247.77 (445.95–1964.53)

1141.64 (286.89–3743.95)

0.33

Group C

2331.61 (87.84–3645.23)

543.09 (141.76–1350.67)

2141.51 (366.62–3505.66)

0.39

9

IL-13 (pg/ml)

Group A

11.25 (5.21–18.36)

18.03 (8.51–35.56)

16.87 (10.34–49.96)

0.79

0.28

0.714

Group B

16.87 (8.51–29.32)

15.69 (3.36–45.12)

13.93 (6.92–54.09)

0.16

Group C

20.79 (9.77–46.52)

24.29 (16.56–40.81)

13.93 (9.43–40)

0.44

10

IL-18 (pg/ml)

Group A

76.84 (55.65–112.39)

74.06 (43.97–115.96)

64.29 (50.38–116.55)

0.26

0.0846

0.901

Group B

65.91 (53.12–89.69)

77.68 (62.18–104.55)

70.48 (55.82–118.18)

0.62

Group C

54.86 (43.24–82.09)

55.1 (44.32–78.36)

53.22 (41.92–112.45)

0.39

11

IP-10 (pg/ml)

Group A

397.39 (226.52–509.64)

318.07 (108.19–419.83)

327.57 (145.22–453.67)

0.58

0.506

0.158

Group B

253.98 (187.69–426)

252.32 (200.42–423.24)

309.83 (203.02–367.4)

0.84

Group C

311.58 (203.43–473.01)

273.6 (143.32–392.26)

181.46 (41.8–276.19)

0.13

12

MCP-1 (pg/ml)

Group A

865.52 (592.75–1244.08)

1007.43 (459.96–1541.01)

832.16 (463.76–1169.22)

0.9

0.0258,b

0.515

Group B

841.79 (571.82–1041.41)

728.13 (508.48–1432.78)

1228.18 (669.23–1970.4)

0.43

Group C

1226.77 (810.12–1849.29)

928.61 (740.18–1035.01)

930.41 (790.17–1392.61)

0.29

13

MCP-3 (pg/ml)

Group A

89.35 (12.62–215.72)

78.44 (13.82–230.03)

152.67 (44.16–318.96)

0.64

0.0771

0.116

Group B

44.23 (25.4–155.4)

58.89 (39.24–118.94)

59.22 (27.09–204.47)

0.79

Group C

166.85 (92.77–298.22)

33.41 (19.8–72.81)

47.93 (15.59–94.81)

0.0087,##

14

TNF-α (pg/ml)

Group A

41.18 (26.32–59.9)

45.35 (21.05–75.4)

51.43 (27.54–64.03)

0.47

0.306

0.54

Group B

25.52 (19.21–53.71)

40.38 (25.2–92.53)

49.28 (26.52–99.21)

0.003,*,#

Group C

37.46 (24.89–69.48)

36.74 (25.66–62.7)

35.1 (27.19–50.6)

0.38

15

VEGFA (pg/ml)

Group A

480.99 (285.89–636.79)

377.62 (219.15–635.01)

381.35 (281.06–570.29)

0.01

0.126

0.495

Group B

282.27 (162.7–493.66)

353.34 (258.11–538.16)

454.78 (225.08–600.5)

0.69

Group C

304.4 (184.82–473.7)

312.26 (208–491.95)

368.2 (188.75–442.4)

0.95

16

HIF-1α (pg/ml)

Group A

164.24 (130.91–315.45)

193.6 (117.01–260.42)

140.03 (89.96–235.4)

0.036,##

0.4406

0.8979

Group B

151.05 (119.55–253.94)

142.77 (94.96–184.16)

159.57 (95.94–228.1)

0.26

Group C

149.04 (109.67–199.79)

132.13 (96.34–226.47)

132.73 (91.4–228.36)

0.058

17

vWF (ng/ml)

Group A

11.85 (3.35–23.61)

8.9 (4.74–14.2)

12.93 (5.32–21.85)

0.7538

0.5913

0.2296

Group B

26.74 (12.1–30.9)

21.92 (18.74–24.51)

4.11 (3.03–7.3)

0.1353

Group C

17.3 (8.24–32.68)

17.31 (12.97–18.4)

10.35 (4.74–29.01)

0.8825

18

hsCRP (mg/l)

Group A

5.85 (3.4–9.52)

3.76 (2.82–6.8)

6.8 (3–7.02)

0.186

0.705

0.0713

Group B

6.8 (3.53–11.96)

5.15 (2.25–6.8)

4.2 (2.62–6)

0.093,*

Group C

6.8 (3.4–6.8)

6.8 (1.69–6.8)

3.4 (1.3–6.8)

0.257

19

Serum ferritin (ng/ml)

Group A

98.4 (65.93–164)

105 (42.88–164)

75.6 (29.88–141)

0.009,#

0.735

0.963

Group B

82 (36.55–155.5)

89.7 (25.98–137.25)

90.02 (29.75–181.5)

0.448

Group C

85.75 (45.78–140)

89.3 (52.35–140.25)

86.5 (36.03–152)

0.386

20

D-dimer (ng/ml)

Group A

349 (277.5–442)

288 (245.25–423.25)

309.5 (236.5–420.5)

0.546

0.678

0.806

Group B

292 (246–470)

356 (256–432)

378.5 (258.25–442.5)

0.753

Group C

407 (295–472.75)

341 (282.75–485.5)

329.5 (276.75–426)

0.061

  1. Values are expressed as median (interquartile range)
  2. HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IFN-α2, interferon alpha-2; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; IL, interleukin; IL-1Ra, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; IP-10, interferon γ-induced protein 10 kDa; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; ng/ml, nanogram per millimeters; pg/ml, picograms per millimeters; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A; vWF, von Willebrand factor
  3. *Before treatment vs. mid-treatment; #, before treatment vs. after treatment; $, mid-treatment vs. after treatment; b, Group B vs Group C; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001; * ∋ {*, #, $, b}