Fig. 1

Workflow of the study. ICU, Intensive care unit; MIMIC-IV, Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV; LASSO, Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; ROC, Receiver operating characteristic; AUC, Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; NRI, Net reclassification improvement; IDI, Integrated discrimination improvement; HL test, Hosmer‒Lemeshow test; DCA, Decision curve analysis