Table 3 Novel and emerging nanoparticles for targeted treatment of leukemia

Curcumin loaded hyaluronic acid–liposomes (HA-Cur-LPs)

Targeting of the CD44 receptor thereby targeting curcumin to these cells with high stability

[95]

Hyaluronic acid-coated silver nanoparticles (HA-AgNPs)

Targeting CD44 receptor on leukemia cells

[96]

Gemcitabine loaded Mesoporous silicon nanoparticles coated with lipid bilayer

Coating with biotinylated EGFR antibody achieved leukemia cells targeting as well as offering a targeted release of gemcitabine

[97]

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on (PEG–PLA) nanoparticles (NanoLIF)

Modified their surface with CD11b antibody to target activated peripheral macrophage

[98]

Arsenic trioxide loaded double oligopeptide coupled nanoparticles

Enhanced the stability and loading efficiency of Arsenic trioxide as well as targeting in the lesions

[100]

Aptamer–methotrexate conjugate

Targeting the biomarker CD117, which is over expressed on AML cells with no effect for the background marrow cells

[99]

siRNA loaded folate–PEG oligoaminoamide,

Targeted delivery as folic acid receptor is over expressed in leukemia cells

[101]

CRISPR/Cas9 system loaded PLGA–PEG nanoparticles

Encapsulating a CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid (pCas9) expressing gRNA targeting the BCR–ABL gene (pCas9/gBCR–ABL) in CML cells without affecting normal cells

[102]

Gold nanoparticles with an antisense oligonucleotide

Silencing the BCR–ABL1 chimeric gene enhanced leukemia cell apoptosis

[103]

Exosomes loaded with miR-365 siRNA

Successfully endocytosed and accumulated SiRNA into CML cells

[104]

Cyclodextrin nanoparticles decorated with FAB antibody to targeting AML

Targeting LSC surface antigen IL-3 receptor α-chain

[105]

Transferrin paclitaxel loaded lipid nanoparticles (TPLN)

Transferrin targeting HL-60 cancer cells

[106]

Amino-PEGylated quantum dots (QDs) and coated with octreotide

Targeting for SSTR receptor which is highly expressed on the surface of leukemia cells

[107]

A fluorescent lanthanide oxyfluoride nanoparticle-based multifunctional peptide drug delivery system and conjugated for treatment AML

Targeting MDM2 and/or MDMX by a dodecameric peptide antagonist (PMI) and an overexpressed cell surface receptor, CD33 through humanized monoclonal antibody

[108]