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Table 1 The comparison of baseline demographics and clinical characteristics between surviving patients and those that died in training and internal validation sets

From: Interpretable machine learning model for early prediction of 28-day mortality in ICU patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy: development and validation

Cohort

Training set (n = 2296)

Internal validation set (n = 984)

Variables

Survival in ICU 28 day (n = 1517)

Death in ICU 28 day (n = 779)

P

Survival in ICU 28 day (n = 649)

Death in ICU 28 day (n = 335)

P

Gender, n (%)

  

0.28

  

0.642

 Male

890 (59)

476 (61)

 

395 (61)

198 (59)

 

 Female

627 (41)

303 (39)

 

254 (39)

137 (41)

 

Age (Years)

66.14 (52.95, 78.42)

68.34 (55.70, 80.27)

0.004

66.47 (51.43, 78.49)

69.28 (54.85, 80.58)

0.028

Weight (kg)

79.95 (67.78, 94)

78.2 (65.32, 92.3)

0.114

80 (67.33, 95)

76 (63.3, 91)

0.011

ICU type

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

 CCU

136 ( 9)

83 (11)

 

60 (9)

36 (11)

 

 CSRU

246 (16)

37 (5)

 

96 (15)

15 (4)

 

 MICU

765 (50)

511 (66)

 

336 (52)

222 (66)

 

 SICU

210 (14)

95 (12)

 

96 (15)

37 (11)

 

 TSICU

160 (11)

53 (7)

 

61 (9)

25 (7)

 

Comorbidity, n (%)

      

 Hypertension, n (%)

518 (34)

234 (30)

0.053

211 (33)

77 (23)

0.002

 COPD, n (%)

32 (2)

25 (3)

0.144

8 (1)

5 (1)

0.772

 Diabetes, n (%)

424 (28)

183 (23)

0.025

184 (28)

79 (24)

0.127

 MI, n (%)

32 (2)

24 (3)

0.198

16 (2)

10 (3)

0.786

 CHF, n (%)

36 (2)

24 (3)

0.385

19 (3)

12 (4)

0.716

 Liver disease, n (%)

305 (20)

232 (30)

 < 0.001

131 (20)

112 (33)

 < 0.001

 Severity score

      

 SOFA

6.00 (5.00, 9.00)

9.00 (7.00, 13.00)

 < 0.001

7.00 (5.00, 9.00)

9.00 (7.00, 13.00)

 < 0.001

 LODS

5.00 (4.00, 7.00)

8.00 (6.00, 10.00)

 < 0.001

5.00 (4.00, 7.00)

8.00 (6.00, 10.00)

 < 0.001

 SAPS II

40.00 (32.00, 49.00)

53.00 (45.00, 64.00)

 < 0.001

40.00 (33.00, 49.00)

54.00 (43.00, 66.00)

 < 0.001

SIC score, n (%)

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

 4

441 (29)

129 (16)

 

171 (26)

54 (16)

 

 5

643 (42)

294 (38)

 

291 (45)

120 (36)

 

 6

429 (28)

360 (46)

 

191 (29)

157 (47)

 

Vital signsa

      

 Mean heartrate, (min−1)

87.70 (77.67, 98.29)

91.65 (81.06, 106.12)

 < 0.001

87.98 (78.96, 100.13)

92.90 (82.24, 106.41)

 < 0.001

 MAP, (mmHg)

75.23 (69.86, 81.60)

72.42 (66.33, 78.10)

 < 0.001

74.33 (69.09, 80.00)

71.63 (64.35, 77.63)

 < 0.001

 Mean resp. rate, (min−1)

19.19 (16.45, 22.00)

20.60 (18.09, 24.00)

 < 0.001

19.21 (16.75, 21.71)

20.17 (17.82, 24.84)

 < 0.001

 Mean temperature, (℃)

36.88 (36.48, 37.30)

36.71 (36.13, 37.14)

 < 0.001

36.88 (36.51, 37.28)

36.72 (36.26, 37.16)

 < 0.001

Laboratory testsb

      

 Mean glucose, (mg/dl)

134.00 (114.50, 156.75)

135.89 (110.71, 163.63)

0.563

136.60 (111.82, 156.32)

137.40 (109.54, 161.92)

0.99

 Aniongap_max

16.00 (13.00, 19.00)

18.00 (14.88, 22.00)

 < 0.001

15.00 (13.00, 18.00)

18.00 (14.50, 22.00)

 < 0.001

 Bicarbonate_min, (mEq/L)

21.00 (18.00, 24.00)

19.00 (15.00, 23.00)

 < 0.001

21.00 (18.00, 23.00)

19.00 (15.00, 23.00)

 < 0.001

 Chloride_max, (mEq/L)

109.00 (105.00, 113.00)

107.00 (102.00, 113.00)

 < 0.001

109.00 (105.00, 113.00)

107.00 (102.00, 113.00)

 < 0.001

 Hematocrit_min, (%)

27.00 (23.00, 31.50)

26.60 (23.00, 30.80)

0.277

26.60 (22.70, 31.00)

26.60 (23.30, 30.45)

0.574

 Hemoglobin_min, (g/dL)

9.20 (7.90, 10.70)

9.00 (7.85, 10.40)

0.082

9.10 (7.80, 10.60)

9.20 (7.90, 10.45)

0.949

 Lactate_max, (mmol/L)

2.83 (2.10, 4.20)

3.49 (2.40, 6.50)

 < 0.001

2.89 (2.00, 4.40)

3.60 (2.30, 6.77)

 < 0.001

 Lowest platelet level, (K/uL)

100.00 (67.00, 124.00)

79.00 (46.00, 115.00)

 < 0.001

99.00 (65.00, 123.00)

80.00 (47.00, 113.50)

 < 0.001

 Potassium_max, (K/uL)

4.60 (4.10, 5.20)

4.60 (4.10, 5.45)

0.018

4.50 (4.00, 5.20)

4.60 (4.10, 5.35)

0.164

 PTT_max, (s)

38.80 (32.10, 53.70)

45.00 (35.20, 69.85)

 < 0.001

40.00 (32.80, 57.30)

43.10 (33.95, 69.08)

0.006

 INR_max,

1.60 (1.40, 1.97)

1.90 (1.50, 2.70)

 < 0.001

1.60 (1.30, 2.00)

1.90 (1.40, 2.90)

 < 0.001

 PT_max, (s)

16.50 (14.70, 19.50)

18.30 (15.50, 24.20)

 < 0.001

16.50 (14.90, 19.70)

18.90 (15.60, 25.00)

 < 0.001

 Sodium_min, (mEq/L)

136.00 (133.00, 139.00)

136.00 (132.00, 139.50)

0.077

136.00 (133.00, 139.00)

136.00 (132.00, 139.00)

0.102

 BUN_max, (mg/dL)

27.00 (17.00, 45.00)

38.00 (25.00, 60.00)

 < 0.001

26.00 (17.00, 42.00)

38.00 (23.50, 62.00)

 < 0.001

 WBC_max, (K/uL)

11.80 (8.00, 16.90)

12.40 (7.10, 18.85)

0.614

11.80 (7.80, 17.00)

11.40 (6.95, 18.10)

0.848

 Po2-min, (mmHg)

91.00 (70.00, 103.49)

78.00 (62.00, 98.46)

 < 0.001

93.00 (70.00, 103.84)

77.00 (60.00, 99.59)

 < 0.001

 Pco2-max, (mmHg)

46.00 (40.00, 50.00)

44.81 (37.00, 51.00)

0.031

46.43 (41.00, 50.00)

44.00 (37.00, 49.00)

 < 0.001

 PH-min

7.31 (7.26, 7.36)

7.30 (7.18, 7.37)

 < 0.001

7.31 (7.26, 7.35)

7.31 (7.18, 7.35)

0.006

 MCHC_min, (g/L)

33.70 (32.70, 34.70)

33.20 (32.00, 34.20)

 < 0.001

33.62 ± 1.59

33.11 ± 1.57

 < 0.001

 RDW_max, (%)

15.00 (14.00, 16.70)

16.50 (14.84, 18.35)

 < 0.001

14.90 (14.00, 16.50)

16.70 (15.00, 18.80)

 < 0.001

 MCV_min, (fL)

89.00 (85.00, 94.00)

92.00 (87.00, 97.00)

 < 0.001

89.00 (85.00, 93.00)

92.79 (88.00, 98.00)

 < 0.001

 Creatinine_max, (μmol/L)

1.40 (0.90, 2.20)

1.70 (1.10, 2.90)

 < 0.001

1.30 (0.90, 2.10)

1.70 (1.10, 2.90)

 < 0.001

Infection site, n (%)

      

 Pulmonary infection, n (%)

489 (32)

283 (36)

0.055

211 (33)

102 (30)

0.558

 Urinary tract, n (%)

458 (30)

158 (20)

 < 0.001

193 (30)

75 (22)

0.017

 Catheter, n (%)

54 ( 4)

12 (2)

0.009

14 (2)

7 (2)

1

 Septicemic, n (%)

21 ( 1)

12 (2)

0.91

10 (2)

5 (1)

1

Treatment measures, n (%)

      

 MV, n (%)

373 (25)

222 (28)

0.048

168 (26)

91 (27)

0.723

 Norepinephrine, n (%)

279 (18)

296 (38)

 < 0.001

143 (22)

139 (41)

 < 0.001

  1. Categorical data were presented as frequency (percentage), parametric continuous data were presented as mean ± (standard deviation), whereas non-parametric continuous data were presented as median (interquartile ranges)
  2. COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, MI Myocardial Infarction, CHF Chronic Heart Failure, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, LODS Logistic Organ Dysfunction System, SAPS II Simplified acute physiology II, PT Prothrombin Time, PTT Partial Thromboplastin Time, INR International Normalized Ratio, BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen, MCHC Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, RDW Red Blood Cell Distribution Widths, MCV Mean Corpuscular Volume, MV Mechanical Ventilation, MAP Mean arterial pressure
  3. aVital signs were calculated as mean value during the first 24 h since ICU admission of each included patients
  4. bThe laboratory tests recorded the worst value during the first 24 h since ICU admission of each included patients
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European Journal of Medical Research

ISSN: 2047-783X

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