Fig. 4

The effects of DSC-exos on the proliferation and invasion of trophoblast. A The influence of exosomes on HTR8/Svneo cell proliferation was assessed utilizing the CCK8 assay at a concentration of 20 µg/mL, which demonstrated that both N-DSC-exos and URSA-DSC-exos significantly enhanced cell viability compared to ESC-exos, with N-DSC-exos having a more potent effect. B Effects of different concentrations of exosomes on the migration ability in human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells in vitro. The result revealed that N-DSC-exos markedly improved the migratory capacity of trophoblastic HTR8-SVneo cells. While ESC-exos and URSA-DSC-exos also elevated trophoblastic migration, their impact was substantially less than that of N-DSC-exos, with the most pronounced migratory response observed at an exosome concentration of 10 µg/mL. C Effects of different concentrations of exosomes on the invasiveness in human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells in vitro. Transwell assays indicated that N-DSC-exos augmented the invasive potential of HTR8/SVneo cells to a greater extent than URSA-DSC-exos, and the maximal invasiveness was noted at an exosome concentration of 20 µg/mL. (magnification, × 20). Error bars, SD