Table 1 Functional list of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)

AREG

Maintain immune cell function

[115]

CCL2

Recruit monocytes and macrophages

[116]

CCL5

Promote carcinogenesis

[117]

CCL27

Inhibit immune cell function

[118]

CCN1

Induce fibroblast senescence and restricts cutaneous fibrosis

[119]

FGF4

Embryonic development

[120]

FGF8

Embryonic development

[120]

GM-CSF

Regulate tumor immunosuppression

[121]

GRO

Promote tumor cells invasion

[115]

HGF

Maintain the function of stem cells

[122]

IFN-γ

Induce the activation of macrophages

[123]

IGF-1

Promote tumor cells invasion; Promote angiogenesis

[124]

IGF-2

Promote tumor cells invasion; Promote angiogenesis

[125]

IGFBP-4

Promote cellular senescence

[8]

IGFBP-6

Inhibit cellular senescence

[115, 126]

IGFBP-7

Promote cellular senescence

[127]

IL-1

Inhibit B lymphocyte formation; Involved in signaling pathways regulating SASP secretion; Lead inflammation and promote stem cell senescence

[128]

IL-6

Affect tumor cell invasion; Pluripotent stem cells; Lead to inflammation; Promote osteoclast function

[129,130,131]

IL-7

Associated with B lymphocyte production; Beneficial to BMSCs function

[132]

IL-8

Promote tumor cells invasion

[7]

MMP-1

Accelerated osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs

[133]

MMP-2

Embryonic development; Promote angiogenesis

[134]

MMP-3

Extracellular matrix degradation and thinning of the fibrous cap in the artery

[135]

MMP-9

Degradation of extracellular matrix; Embryonic development

[136]

MMP-13

Promote tumor cells invasion; Promote angiogenesis

[137]

PDGF-AA

Accelerated wound healing

[138]

TGF-β

Promote angiogenesis; Promote BMSCs recruitment; Regulate the RANKL/OPG ratio

[92, 139]

TNF-α

Lead to inflammation; Promote osteoclast function

[140, 141]

VEGF

Promote angiogenesis

[142]