Fig. 2

Point diagrams and a funnel illustration were used to portray the causative impact of UC and CD on the frailty index. Research focusing on the influence of UC (A, B) on the frailty index and the impact of CD (C, D) on the frailty index was performed. These studies implemented conventional IVW, simple mode, MR Egger, weighted median and weighted mode methods. The inclination of each line served to compute the MR influence per approach. A funnel chart was adopted for the analysis of variance in the data. The azure line characterizes the IVW prediction, while the deep blue line exhibits the MR-Egger prediction