Fig. 4

Point diagrams and a funnel illustration were used to portray the causative impact of the frailty index on UC and CD. This encompassed an examination of how the frailty index affects UC (A, B) and its role in CD (C, D). The analyses were performed using the standard IVW, simple mode, MR Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods. The inclination of each line represents the estimated MR influence per method. A funnel chart was deployed to assess the diversity or dispersion in the data. The azure line characterizes the IVW prediction, while the deep blue line exhibits the MR-Egger prediction