Table 4 Summary of characteristics of the studies
From: Family planning behaviours among women with diabetes mellitus: a scoping review
Author, year | Country | Title | Study objectives | Study design | Study setting | Study population and sample size (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Falsetti et al. [54] | United States | Condom Use, Pregnancy and STDs in Adolescent Females with and without Type 1 DM | To describe and compare adolescent females with and without diabetes in terms of use of condoms, pregnancy outcomes and sexually transmitted disease outcome | Case–control study | Multicentre – 4 major university-based diabetic clinics | Adolescent females aged 16 to 22 years old with T1DM and without diabetes (n = 132) |
Chuang et al. [37] | United States | Contraceptive Use by Diabetic and obese women | To describe contraceptive use by diabetic and overweight/obese women compared to women without these conditions | Cross-sectional—surveillance system | 11 states (Family Planning Module of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) | Sexually active women aged 18–44 who were not trying to conceive (n = 7,943) |
Diabetes and Pregnancy Group, [63] | France | Knowledge about preconception care in French women with type 1 diabetes | To assess the knowledge about preconception care among wmen with T1DM of childbearing age | Cross-sectional study | Multicentre – 11 Diabetes Centres | women of childbearing age with T1DM (n = 138) |
Napoli et al. [61] | Italy | Contraception in diabetic women: an Italian study | To determine the pattern of contraception used by diabetic women in relation to their sociocultural background | Cross-sectional study | 12 centres throughout the country | Fertile women with T1DM &T2DM (n = 667) |
Charron-Prochownik et al. [35] | United States | Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to sexuality and family planning in adolescent women with and without diabetes | To examine knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behaviours regarding diabetes and reproductive issues, sexual activity, and birth control in teens with diabetes in relation to a non-diabetic group | Case–control study | Multisite – 4 major universities | Adolescents aged 16–23 years old with diabetes and without diabetes (n = 117) |
Shawe et al. [57] | United Kingdom | Use of hormonal contraceptive methods by women with diabetes | To establish use of hormonal contraception in UK women aged between 15 and 44 years with T1DM or T2DM compared with comparison groups with no DM | Cross-sectional study | General practice database across UK | Women with diabetes aged 15 to 44 years old (n = 1,312) |
Mazaheri et al. [59] | Iran | Pattern of Contraceptive Use in Diabetic Women | To determine the patterns of contraceptive use among diabetic women referring to Ardabil Medical Sciences University in Iran | Cross-sectional study | Diabetes clinic of a university hospital (referral centre) | Women with diabetes aged 15–49 years (n = 100) |
Vahratian et al. [51] | United States | Family-Planning Practices Among Women with Diabetes and Overweight and Obese Women in the 2002 National Survey for Family Growth | To examine contraceptive practices among diabetic women and obese women | Population survey | Nationwide survey National Survey for Family Growth | Women 20–44 years old (n = 5,955) |
Schwarz et al. [49] | United States | Perceived access to contraception among adolescents with diabetes—barriers to preventing pregnancy complications | To assess beliefs, perceived access to, and practices regarding contraception among adolescent women with T1DM | Cross-sectional study | 2 university-based diabetes centres | T1DM aged 13–19 years old from endocrinology practices (n = 89) |
Schwarz et al. [48] | United States | Provision of Contraceptive Services to Women with Diabetes Mellitus | To compare rates of provision of contraceptive services among women with DM and women without chronic medical conditions | Retrospective cohort study | Integrated managed care organization in Northern California | 15–44 years old women who had continuous membership and pharmacy benefits in a managed care organisation (n = 459,181) (8,182 women with diabetes) |
Shawe et al. [58] | United Kingdom | Use of contraception by women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus: ‘ It’s funny that nobody really spoke to me about it’ | 1) To understand factors which promote or discourage use of contraception in women with DM 2) To identify contraceptive knowledge, skills and attitudes of health professionals involved in diabetes care | Mixed-method study | 4 diabetes centres | Women aged 16 – 44 years with DM (n = 107 for quantitative, n = 16 for qualitative) |
Manaf et al. [54] | Malaysia | Contraceptive Use among Women with Chronic Medical Conditions and Factors Associated with Its Non-Use in Malaysia | To describe contraceptive use among women with chronic medical conditions and factors associated with its non-use | Cross-sectional study | 3 medical specialist outpatient clinic in hospitals and 8 health clinics | Women with chronic medical conditions aged 18–50 years old (n = 450) |
Charron-Prochownik et al. [36] | United States | Long-Term Effects of the Booster-Enhanced READY-Girls Preconception Counseling Program on Intentions and Behaviors for Family Planning in Teens with Diabetes | To examine 12-month effects of a booster-enhanced preconception counselling program (READY-Girls) on family planning for teen girls with T1DM and T2DM | Randomised controlled trial | Multicentre – 2 University hospitals diabetic clinics | Adolescent girls between 13 and < 20 years of age with either T1DM or T2DM for > 1 year (n = 109) |
Nojomi et al. [60] | Iran | Contraceptive use by Iranian women with hypertension, diabetes or obesity | To determine the pattern of contraception use by women with DM, hypertension or obesity | Cross-sectional survey | Single centre – outpatient clinic of a university hospital | Women aged 18 to 53 years old with T2DM, hypertension or overweight/obesity (N = 264) |
Perritt et al. [45] | United States | Contraception counseling, pregnancy intention and contraception use in women with medical problems: an analysis of data from the Maryland Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) | To evaluate whether women with selected medical comorbidities are less likely than healthier women to report receiving contraceptive counselling during pregnancy and to report using contraception postpartum | Retrospective analysis from monitoring system survey | State-wide survey—Maryland Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) | Postpartum women (n = 6,361) |
DeNoble et al. [38] | United States | Receipt of Prescription Contraception by Commercially Insured Women with Chronic Medical Conditions | To assess differences in receipt of prescription contraception among women with and without chronic medical conditions | Retrospective study | Insurance claim records | Women aged 21 to 45 years old with medical condition, enrolled in commercial insurance company (n = 11,649) |
Champaloux et al. (2015) [34] | United States | Contraceptive use among women with medical conditions in a nationwide privately insured population | To examine contraceptive use among women with selected medical conditions | Retrospective study | Nationwide healthcare claim database | Women aged 15 to 44 years old (n = 368,448) (10,903 with diabetes mellitus) |
Mekonnen et al. [65] | Ethiopia | Contraceptive use in women with hypertension and diabetes: cross-sectional study in northwest Ethiopia | To assess contraceptive use and associated factors among diabetic and hypertensive women of reproductive age on chronic follow-up care at University of Gondar and Felege Hiwot Hospitals | Cross-sectional study | 2 university hospitals | Women with diabetes and hypertension aged 15–49 years old (n = 392) |
Osman et al. [64] | South Africa | Reproductive knowledge and use of contraception among women with diabetes | To assess the reproductive knowledge and use of contraception in women of reproductive age attending diabetes outpatient clinics | Prospective study | 3 diabetic outpatient clinics | Women with diabetes mellitus aged 18 to 45 years old (n = 115) |
Klingensmith et al. (2016) [43] | United States | Pregnancy Outcomes in Youth With Type 2 Diabetes: The TODAY Study Experience | To evaluate pregnancy outcomes during the Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study | Retrospective study | 15 paediatric diabetes care clinics and practices | Youths aged 10–17 years old with Type 2 DM who participated in a RCT who reported pregnancies (n = 46) |
Phillips Bell et al. [46] | United States | Chronic Diseases and Use of Contraception Among Women at Risk of Unintended Pregnancy | To assess whether three common chronic diseases (DM, cardiovascular disease, or asthma) were associated with use of contraception, according to various levels of effectiveness | Surveillance system data | State-wide surveillance—Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System | Women aged 18–44 years old (n = 4,473) |
Sereika et al. (2016) [50] | United States | Operationalizing and Examining Family Planning Vigilance in Adult Women With Type 1 Diabetes | To operationalize and describe Family Planning Vigilance (FPV) and examine the associations among FPV behaviours and diabetes self-care management (DSM) and health outcomes of women with T1DM | Retrospective cohort study | A university hospital | Women with T1DM who previously participated in adolescents’ preconception program (n = 102) |
Schwarz et al. [47] | United States | Postpartum Care and Contraception provided to Women with Gestational and Preconception Diabetes in California’s Medicaid Program | To compare rates of postpartum care and contraception provided to women with gestational or preconception DM to women with no known DM | Retrospective cohort study | Medicaid claims state-wide | Women aged 15 to 44 years old under Medicaid program (n = 199,860) |
Hibbert et al. [62] | Australia | Preconception care and contraceptive use among Australian women with diabetes mellitus | To explore preconception care practices and contraception use among women with DM | Cross-sectional survey | Tertiary referral centre | 16–49 years old women with T1DM or T2DM (n = 215) |
Britton et al. [25] | United States | Contraceptive use among women with prediabetes and diabetes in a US national sample | To estimate the relationship between contraceptive use and key measures of glucose dysregulation among women of reproductive age in a US national sample | Cross-sectional study | National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health | Sexually active women aged 24 to 32 years old (n = 5,548) |
Law et al. [52] | Malaysia | Influences on the decision to use contraception among Sarawakian women with diabetes: a qualitative exploration | To explore the reasons for contraceptive use among Sarawakian women with DM | Qualitative study – in-depth interviews | A public primary care clinic | Sexually active, adult, pre-menopausal females (aged ≥ 18) with T2DM (n = 12) |
Morris et al. [44] | United States | Description and comparison of postpartum use of effective contraception among women with and without diabetes | To describe contraceptive use and compare the effectiveness of contraceptive methods among postpartum women with and without DM | Cross-sectional study | Population-based data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) | Women who had recent live birth within 2–4 months (n = 93,754) |
Britton et al. [33] | United States | Perceptions and Behaviors Related to Contraceptive Use in the Postpartum Period Among Women with Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus | To describe perceptions and behaviours related to contraception and preconception care and to test the association between these perceptions and contraceptive use in the postpartum period among women with pregestational DM | Cross-sectional study | Multicentre – 3 high-risk obstetric clinics | Postpartum women with diabetes mellitus (n = 55) |
Disney et al. [39] | United States | Preconception counseling, contraceptive counselling, and long acting reversible contraception use in women with Type 1 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study | To describe the frequency of preconception counselling, contraceptive counselling, and LARC use by provider type and disease severity in reproductive age women with T1DM | Retrospective cohort study | Tertiary referral centre – data from Utah Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW) | Women (16–49 years old) with T1DM (n = 541) |
Hunter-greaves et al. [66] | Jamaica | Contraceptive practices in women with chronic medical conditions | To determine the contraceptive use in women with medical conditions at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) | Cross-sectional study | Single centre—medical outpatient departments in a university hospital | Females with various chronic medical conditions aged 18 to 44 years old (n = 260) |
Leow et al. [53] | Malaysia | Patient perception of pre-pregnancy are and family planning among reproductive age female diabetes mellitus patients in a primary care clinic in Penang, Malaysia | To assess female diabetic patients’ perception of PPC and family planning prior to Pre-pregnancy care (PPC) care | Cross-sectional study | A public primary care clinic | Women with diabetes mellitus aged 18–45 years old (n = 67) |
Horwitz et al. [42] | United States | Use of contraception before and after a diabetes diagnosis: An observational matched cohort study | To determine how a DM diagnosis affects contraception use | Retrospective cohort study | Using private insurance data from a large national private health insurance provider) | Non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years (n = 75,355 with diabetes, n = 7.5 million without diabetes) |
Scott et al. [56] | United Kingdom | Pregnancy and contraception in women with Pre-Gestational diabetes in secondary Care– A questionnaire study | To establish the knowledge of women with pre-gestational DM about of the risks of diabetes in pregnancy, and investigate their pregnancy plans, contraceptive choices, and preparedness for pregnancy | Cross-sectional study | Multicentre—Diabetes clinics across a single NHS Trust | Women of reproductive age with diabetes mellitus (n = 96) |
Feutry et al. [41] | United States | Contraception use and knowledge related to pregnancy in diabetic women | To assess diabetic patients’ knowledge about pregnancy and to describe their contraceptive use | Observational study | Single centre – university hospital | Women aged 18 to 40 years old with diabetes mellitus (n = 89) |