Table 5 Summary of factors influencing family planning behaviours

Falsetti et al. [54]

62%

• Types of methods55

• Dual methods usage

–

–

–

–

–

Chuang et al. [37]

74.20%

–

• Age (−)

• Ethnicity

• Marital status (−)

• Education attainment ( +)

• Health insurance status ( +)

–

–

–

–

Diabetes and Pregnancy Group, [63]

61%

Types of methods

• Knowledge of risk of congenital malformations ( +)

–

–

–

–

Napoli et al. [61]

89.4%

Types of methods

Characteristics of oral contraceptive user:

• Younger

• Slimmer

• Earlier age at first intercourse

• Highest living in north

• Lowest living in south

• Higher education

Geographic

region

Service provider:

• Diabetologist

• Gynaecologist

–

–

Charron-Prochownik et al. [35]

22.60%

Types of methods

–

Shawe et al. [57]

OR 0.83

Types of methods

Likelihood of methods based on diagnosis of diabetes and type of diabetes

–

–

–

–

Mazaheri et al. [59]

73%

Types of methods

–

–

–

–

–

Vahratian et al. [51]

61.2%

Types of methods

• BMI (−)

• Age (−)

• Ethnicity—non-Hispanic black ( +)

• Cohabitating (−)

• History of infertility treatment (−)

Desired or ambivalent about pregnancy (−)

–

–

–

–

Schwarz et al. [49]

14% among all respondents

57% among ever sexually active

Types of methods

–

–

–

–

–

Schwarz et al. [48]

37.7%

• Types of methods

• Effectiveness of methods

• Highly effective

• Moderately effective

• Less effective

Age—older age—higher % intrauterine (IUD) usage

–

–

–

–

Shawe et al. [58]

66% (questionnaire respondents)

11 out of 16 interview participants

Types of methods

Healthcare providers factors:

• Diabetes specialist felt they were unqualified to give contraception advices

• Conversation about contraception not considered as part of regular consultation

Choice of methods—diabetic women prefer 'natural' methods

–

–

–

–

Manaf et al. [54]

28.8%

Types of methods

• Age (−)

• Ethnicity (x)

• Employment status (x)

• Education attainment ( +)

• Parity ( +)

• Perception on contraception ( +)

• History of perinatal death (x)

–

–

Types of health facility:

• Health clinics

• Hospital specialist clinics

–

Charron-Prochownik et al. (2013) [36]

36% in control group and 64% in intervention group had at least 1 episode of unprotected sex

–

Intervention vs control

–

–

–

–

Nojomi et al. [60]

58.8%

Types of methods

• Types of most common methods differ after diagnosis of diabetes

• Higher percentage of using withdrawal or no method:

• Higher literacy parity (more in parity < 2 and > 4)

–

–

–

–

Perritt et al. [45]

24.6%

(preconception)

77% (postpartum)

–

• Presence of medical condition

• Receipt of contraceptive counselling ( +)

–

–

–

–

DeNoble et al. [38]

34.2%

Types of methods

• Age (−)

• Socioeconomic status (x)

• Total outpatient visits (−)

• Cervical cancer screening ( +)

• Types of medical conditions (x)

–

–

–

–

Champaloux et al.

[34]

44%

Duration of action

• Short-acting

• Long-acting

Irreversibile (sterilisation)

• Age (−)

Presence of medical conditions

–

–

–

–

Mekonnen et al. [65]

53.8

Types of methods

• Age

• Income

• Disease control

• Having living children ( +)

Contraceptive counselling receipt

–

–

–

–

Osman et al. (2015)

[64]

67%

Types of methods

• Parity (x)

• Education (x)

• Emotional support (x)

• Marital status ( +)

–

–

–

–

Holmes et al. [55]

44.4% in pre-DVD group

–

–

• Pre and post DVD intervention (x)

–

–

–

Klingensmith et al. [43]

4.8%

–

–

–

–

–

–

Phillips Bell et al. [46]

89.8%

Effectiveness of methods

• Effective/highly effective

• Less effective

No method

Types of medical condition—and the likelihood of using more effective methods

–

–

–

–

Sereika et al. [50]

50%

• Types of methods

Women who are vigilant:

• More likely to have preconception care earlier

• More likely to use more effective family planning

• More likely to report better health outcomes

–

–

–

–

Schwarz et al. [47]

47.8%

• Types of methods

• Effectiveness of methods - weighted summary measure

• Presence of diabetes—likelihood of permanent contraception

–

–

–

–

Hibbert et al. [62]

75.3%

• Types of methods

• Effectiveness of methods

–

–

–

–

–

Britton et al. [25]

71.2%

• Types of methods

• Effectiveness of methods

• More effective

• Less effective

• None

• Non-Hispanic Black Women ( +)

• Education attainment ( +)

• BMI (−)

• Health insurance status ( +)

–

–

Access to care (+)

–

Law et al. [52]

–

–

• Perceived likelihood of becoming pregnant

• Desired family size

• Perceived health risks associated with diabetes

Social implications of becoming pregnant (job disruption and economic impact)

• Opinions of significant others

–

–

–

Morris et al. [44]

82%

• Types of methods

• Reversibility of methods

• For sterilisation age (+)

   Education (−)

   Previous live births ( +)

   Recent unintended pregnancy ( +)

   Government or no health insurance ( +)

   Caesarean delivery ( +)

• For LARC

   Diagnosed with diabetes ( +)

   Younger age < 19 yo ( +)

   Education ( +)

   Ethnicities (+ hispanic or other ethnicities) vs non-Hispanic white

   Previous live births ( +)

   Recent unintended pregnancy ( +)

   Government or no health insurance ( +)

Caesarean delivery ( +)

–

–

–

–

Britton et al. [33]

56%

• Types of methods:

• Procedure/ prescription methods

• Non-prescription methods

• Perception

   Perceived benefit ( +)

   Perceived barriers (x)

   Self-efficacy (x)

• Patient characteristics

   Age

   Ethnicity

   Religion

   Education

   Primigravida

   Health insurance type

   Type of diabetes

   Age at diagnosis (x)

• Pregnancy planning status (x)

–

–

–

–

Disney et al. [39]

13% (LARC)

• Specifically on long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) usage

• Age (−)

• Presence of advanced disease complication (x)

• Frequency of visits (+)

• Receipt of preconception and contraceptive counselling (+)

–

–

Types of service providers

• Fetomaternal specialists

• Obstetricians & Gynaecologists

• Endocrinologists

• Primary care provider

–

Hunter-greaves et al. [66]

60.4%

• Types of methods

• Marital status (+)

• Previous adverse pregnancy outcome:

   Neonatal death (−)

   Pregnancy-induced hypertension (+)

   Previous ICU admission ( +)

–

–

–

–

Leow et al. [53]

59.8%

Effectiveness of methods based on Pearl Index

• Sociodemographic characteristics

• Marital status

• Pregnancy intention

• Knowledge on contraceptive effectiveness

–

–

–

–

Horwitz et al. [42]

11.9%

Types of methods

• Age—younger group more pronounced negative relationship between diagnosis and usage

• Ethnicity (x)

Diagnosis of diabetes (-)

–

–

–

–

Scott et al. [56]

75%

• Types of methods

• Efficacy of methods

• Low efficacy

•    Moderate efficacy

• High efficacy

• Pregnancy intention and efficacy of methods (28% who were not planning used low efficacy methods)

–

–

–

–

Feutry et al. [41]

72.1%

• Types of methods

• Effectiveness of methods based on Pearl Index

• Usage of contraindicated methods

• Pregnancy intention (x)

• Type of diabetes (lower in T2DM)

–

–

–

–