Table 1 The applications of GFAP in diseases
Diseases | Research findings | GFAP applications in diseases | Animal models |
|---|---|---|---|
Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy | The positive result of GFAP suggests this disorder, which may coexist with other antibodies (like NMDAR–IgG, AQP4–IgG) or meningitis (like TB) | Clinicians need to be aware of possible co-existence between GFAP astrocytopathy and other antibodies/meningitis | / |
Gliomas | The more higher sGFAP level, the WHO grade of gliomas is more higher | sGFAP may be a rapid tool for the diagnosis and follow-up | / |
TBI | GFAP reflects the disruption of astrocyte cytoskeleton and their activation in response to TBI | FDA has approved that a rapid blood test – GFAP/ UCH-L1 to aid the diagnosis of acute TII in mTBI patients | GFAP levels in serum and CSF both are elevated |
Ischemic stroke | NIHSS at 24 h combined with either tau, NFL or GFAP at 48 h has an improved prediction | GFAP might be a key marker that can discriminate hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke; GFAP in the early setting after endovascular treatment of stroke will be used as a simplified and standardized way to estimate the range of damaged nervous tissue | GFAP released within 3–4 h following hemorrhagic stroke, while it released within 24–48 h post injury in ischemic stroke |
AxD | Abnormal RF accumulation because ofdisease-causing GFAP aggregate accumulation leads to astrocyte dysfunction; aggregations of GFAP are deleterious to astrocytes and thus lead to subsequent white matter degeneration | The presence of RF Is a hallmark feature of AxD, and identifying this pathology is key to diagnosis of this condition | Mice with GFAP knockout or GFAP point mutations display a mild phenotype (with strain-dependent deficits in cognition and RF, astrogliosis, increased seizure susceptibility in pathology but without motor deficits and leukodystrophy) |
DS | The levels of GFAP increase and the GFAP-positive astrocytes proliferate in the brain of adult DS subjects | It provides a new insight into the plasticity potential of the brain by long-term voluntary running trains that positively affect the levels of GFAP and reduction of astrogliosis | Long-term voluntary running models reduce the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes and the levels of GFAP in the brain |
AD | The concentrations of blood GFAP consistently increases in a stepwise pattern from preclinical AD, through prodromal AD to AD dementia compared to CU individuals; the higher levels of plasma GFAP, the more accurate predictive value for risk of AD progression | High GFAP level is associated with the poorer outcomes in AD | DMF can inhibit the immunoreactivity of GFAP also is inactivation of astrocytes |
Neurosyphilis | The level of sGFAP parallels to the GFAP level in the CSF | A combination test of sGFAP, sNFL, and sUCH-L1 exhibits a specificity of 96.08% and a PPV of 94.60% | / |
COVID-19 | COV-Enc shows significantly higher CSF levels of glial-related markers such as GFAP, TREM2, and YKL-40 (P < 0.001) compared to HC, COV-Enc patients showed increased glial markers (GFAP, sTREM2, YKL-40) levels compared to ENC | GFAP has a significant predictive value in the prognosis of COVID-19 outcome | / |
MS | GFAP is higher in MS patients than controls, GFAP levels are higher in PMS versus RRMS | GFAP can be helpful to define people whether in disease stage and in discriminating different subtypes | GFAP can be helpful to define people whether in disease stage and in discriminating different subtypes |
Neuropsychiatric disorders | GFAP levels in children with autism are almost three times higher than in the group of children without autism | GFAP as biomarker protein for neuropsychiatric disorders; the higher GFAP concentration could be regarded as a pivotal role in improving behavioral response of neuropsychiatric disorders | The IS group showed significant reduction in the protein and mRNA levels of GFAP, whereas the IS + EE group cultures exhibited significant increase in the levels of these stem cell markers |
Acute CO poisoning | The serum level of GFAP is significantly high in the NS group in comparison to the non-NS group | Initial GFAP protein level in the early identification of patients can predict the risk of developing NS after acute CO poisoning | / |