Table 1 Weighted baseline characteristics of participants

Age categories

 < 0.0001

  < 70

22046 (83.40)

21445 (88.46)

601 (58.21)

  ≥ 70

4387 (16.60)

3920 (11.54)

467 (41.79)

Gender

0.090

 Female

13222 (50.02)

12694 (50.72)

528 (54.49)

 Male

13211 (49.98)

12671 (49.28)

540 (45.51)

Race/Ethnicity

 < 0.0001

 Mexican American

3883 (14.69)

3791 (8.37)

92 (4.65)

 Non-Hispanic Black

5588 (21.14)

5296 (10.65)

292 (15.20)

 Non-Hispanic White

11563 (43.74)

11025 (68.18)

538 (69.70)

 Other

5399 (20.43)

5253 (12.81)

146 (10.46)

Educational level

 < 0.0001

 Colleges or above

14230 (53.83)

13817 (62.80)

413 (42.11)

 Junior middle schools or below

6080 (23.00)

5734 (14.28)

346 (24.36)

 Senior high schools or GED

6123 (23.16)

5814 (22.93)

309 (33.53)

Marital status

 < 0.0001

 Married/Partnered

15665 (59.26)

15105 (62.32)

560 (57.76)

 Separated/Widowed

5938 (22.46)

5520 (18.30)

418 (34.80)

 Single

4830 (18.27)

4740 (19.39)

90 (7.45)

Annual household income

 < 0.0001

  < 20,000

5558 (21.03)

5174 (13.98)

384 (29.33)

  ≥ 20,000

20875 (78.97)

20191 (86.02)

684 (70.67)

Smoke status

 < 0.0001

 No

14392 (54.45)

13991 (55.12)

401 (39.30)

 Yes

12041 (45.55)

11374 (44.88)

667 (60.70)

Alcohol consumption

 < 0.0001

 No

8056 (30.48)

7639 (25.09)

417 (36.42)

 Yes

18377 (69.52)

17726 (74.91)

651 (63.58)

BMI

 < 0.0001

  < 25

7391 (27.96)

7135 (29.27)

256 (23.91)

 25–29

8670 (32.80)

8332 (32.95)

338 (28.97)

  ≥ 30

10372 (39.24)

9898 (37.78)

474 (47.12)

Hypertension

 < 0.0001

 No

14878 (56.29)

14680 (62.55)

198 (23.75)

 Yes

11555 (43.71)

10685 (37.45)

870 (76.25)

Diabetes mellitus

 < 0.0001

 No

22601 (85.5)

21912 (89.94)

689 (68.29)

 Yes

3832 (14.50)

3453 (10.06)

379 (31.71)

Hyperlipidemia

 < 0.0001

 No

7936 (30.02)

7776 (31.26)

160 (14.64)

 Yes

18497 (69.98)

17589 (68.74)

908 (85.36)

Coronary heart disease

 < 0.0001

 No

25316 (95.77)

24434 (96.98)

882 (81.78)

 Yes

1117 (4.23)

931 (3.02)

186 (18.22)

Physical activity

 < 0.0001

 High

16002 (60.54)

15583 (66.19)

419 (43.30)

 Low

3538 (13.39)

3402 (13.04)

136 (11.47)

 Inactive

6893 (26.08)

6380 (20.77)

513 (45.23)

 CDAI

0.28 (0.05)

0.31 (0.05)

− 0.66 (0.17)

 < 0.0001

 Vitamin A, μg

643.13 (9.03)

644.62 (9.21)

596.08 (27.09)

0.087

 Vitamin C, mg

80.97 (1.21)

81.13 (1.18)

76.03 (5.05)

0.292

 Vitamin E, mg

8.87 (0.09)

8.92 (0.08)

7.19 (0.23)

 < 0.0001

 Zinc, mg

11.55 (0.08)

11.61 (0.08)

9.78 (0.25)

 < 0.0001

 Selenium, μg

114.56 (0.63)

115.17 (0.62)

95.37 (2.61)

 < 0.0001

 Carotenoid, μg

9754.35 (150.53)

9779.33 (149.23)

8965.47 (589.39)

0.156